366 MEDICAL MYCOLOGY 



In artificial culture many of these pathogens have a very differ- 

 ent appearance from the way they look in tissues. Some of them 

 are filamentous when grown at room temperature but under 

 otherwise similar conditions are yeast-like in appearance when 

 cultivated at incubator temperature, 37.5° C. 



HISTORICAL MATERIAL 



Medical mycology may be said to begin with Schoenlein, who 

 in 1839 associated a fungus with favus, a form of ringworm char- 

 acterized by lesions and having bright yellow crusts composed of 

 small cup-like scales. The causal organism was given the name 

 Achorion schoenleini by Remak 6 years later. In the same year 

 Malmsten employed the generic name Trichophyton for the ring- 

 worm pathogen. The deeply seated, suppurative form of ring- 

 worm known as kerion was shown in 1856 to be induced by a 

 Trichophyton originating from animals. Further proof of trans- 

 mission from animal to animal followed, as well as demonstration 

 by various workers that ringworm can be transmitted to man 

 from horse, cow , dog, or cat. All in all, however, little important 

 work in this field was accomplished until Sabouraud began his 

 studies in the early 1890's. The publication of his monumental 

 Les Teignes (1910) constitutes the beginning of the modern era 

 of investigation and is the foundation upon which all present-day 

 studies in medical mycology are based. 



The medical worker has found it convenient to designate by 

 the term "mycoses" (literally "filled with, or full of, fungi") the 

 diseases of man and animals caused by fungi. This terminology 

 has a definite significance for the mycologist, since the generic 

 name of the pathogen and the suffix "osis" are combined, as in 

 Actinomycosis, Torulosis, Histoplasmosis, and Blastomycosis, and 

 it will be employed in the discussion that follows. Confusion 

 arises, however, when "osis" and "mycosis" are applied to clin- 

 ically distinct mycoses, such as may be produced by one and the 

 same fungus involving different organs and tissues, for example, 

 "onchomycosis" when the nails are involved, "sychosis" when 

 the beard is involved, and "dermatomycosis" when the glabrous 

 skin is involved. Similarly, the wisdom of retaining the name "der- 

 matophytes" or "dermatomycetes" for those fungi that invade 

 the keratinized layers of the epidermis and such appendages or 



