114 SPORE DISSEMINATION 



a cecidomyid, transports Uroviyces bid enti cola. Honeybees dis- 

 tribute the urediniospores of rust on Populus and the aeciospores 

 of Caeovia nit ens. The scarabeid beetle, Serica sericea, is among 

 many species that transport Cronarticum ribicola. . Basidiobohis 

 ranarum is carried to froo-s and salamanders within the bodies of 

 various beetles. Gypsy-moth larvae, Porthetria dispar, have been 

 found by actual count to bear from 1120 to 23,320 aecio- 

 spores of Cronartium ribicola. Arthur (1929) records that Rat- 

 hay noted 135 species of Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, 

 and Diptera as carriers of rust spores, Diptera being especially at- 

 tracted to the saccharine exudate of pycnia. Doubtless they are 

 important agents in the spermatization of rusts. 



The Dutch elm pathogen, Ceratostomella ulmi, is transported 

 by bark beetles, Scolytus scolytus and 5. multistriatus. Several 

 species of Ips and Dendroctonus are known to be capable of dis- 

 seminating spores of fungi (various species of Ceratostomella) 

 associated with blue stain of loos and lumber. 



The spore dispersion of Phallales appears to be dependent upon 

 sarcophagid and muscid flies. The sporiferous tissue of Phallales 

 becomes slimy at maturity and is nauseatingly putrid. This pene- 

 trating odor is attractive to flies, and in consequence they carry 

 the spores externally and also void them intact in their excreta. 

 Ithyphallus coralloides, suspected of causing root rot of sugar 

 cane, is so attractive to flies that they can be driven away from the 

 fructifications only with difficulty. Various ants and beetles are 

 also attracted to this species and no doubt carry the spores under- 

 ground to situations favorable for germination and development. 

 Various flies are also attracted to the saccharine exudate contain- 

 ing conidia of the sphacelial (conidial) stage of Claviceps, espe- 

 cially C. purpurea and C. paspali. 



Brodie (1931) has shown that flies transport the conidia of 

 Coprimts lagop7is, as a result of which the mvcelia become diploi- 

 dized. Similarly the transfer of pycniospores of Puccima graminis 

 and P. helianthi by flies and other insects attracted to the sugary 

 exudate has been demonstrated [Craigie (1931)]. 



The tree cricket, Oecanthns niveus, actively transports the 

 spores of Leptosphaeria comothyrhivu the cause of canker on 

 apple trees. 



The flea beetle, Epitrix cucimieris, the Colorado potato beetle, 

 Leptinotarsa decemlineata, and the horn worm, Protoparce caro- 



