122 Bulletin 223. 



winter and destroying the pupse on this and in all cracks or similar places. This 

 method is not applicable in America, for our insect does not hibernate in such 

 places, but on the ground on the widely-scattered leaves. 



Comparative Notes on the American and European Grape-Berry Moths. 



In 1860, Clemens (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. of Phila., p. 369) named some moths 

 Endopiza"! viteana which he reared from caterpillars feeding on grape-berries, wild 

 raspberry fruits, and leaves of sassafras. About eight years later, the grape- 

 feeder attained the rank of a serious pest in vineyards, and two other names 

 were suggested for it. Rathvon (Prac. Fanner, Nov. and Dec. 1868, p. 170 and 

 48) called it the grape codling-moth {Carpocapsa vitisella) and Packard gave it 

 the name of Penthina viiivorana (Guide to the Study of Insects, p. 336). In 1870 

 however, Riley sent specimens to Zeller in Prussia, and he said they were iden- 

 tical with the European grape-berry moth {Eudemis botrana Schiff.), thus rele- 

 gating the American names into the synonomy where they have since remained 

 undisturbed. As soon as we foimd that the insect infesting New York grape- 

 berries was not following the scheduled life-history of the European pest, doubts 

 at once arose regarding the identity of the American and European grape-berry 

 moths in spite of Zeller's dictum which had stood unquestioned for over thirty 

 years. Several authentic specimens of the European moths were obtained and 

 have been critically compared by an expert, Mr. W. D. Kearfott, with dozens of 

 the moths reared from American grapes, both wild and cultivated, and also with . 

 the type specimens of Clemen's viteana and some of Riley's material. Briefly 

 stated, the conclusion is that the American grape-berry moth is Clemen's viteana, 

 which is distinct and easily separable from the European insect. This conclusion, 

 based on a comparison of the moths alone, is strongly supported by our observa- 

 tions on the difference in the life-history of the two insects, and the fact that the 

 American insect freely infests both our wild and cultivated grapes. 



The general coloration of the moth of the European insect (Fig. 24) is an ashy 

 gray with pale grayish hind wings, while the American moths range a trifle 

 smaller, and are of a general purplish-brown color with smoky-brown hind wings. 

 And the large outer marginal patch near the fringe of the front wings affords a 

 sure and easy distinguishing mark between the two insects. In the European 

 botrana, the outer edge of this pale olive-green patch is rounded and not indented 

 below, while in the American viteana this dark-brown patch is indented above 

 the anal angle by a spur of the lighter ground color of the wing. This character- 

 istic difference is well shown in Fig. 24. There is considerable variation in the 

 indentation of this patch in viteana, but it is always present; we have a few speci- 

 mens where the indentation extends through the patch, thus making it smaller 

 and separating off a narrow strip of it on the edge of the wing, but this usually 

 occurs on one wing only, the other being nearly normally indented. Super- 

 ficially the two insects are marked much alike, but are easily distinguished by 

 the characteristic differences in general coloration and the outer marginal patch. 

 Both species are somewhat variable in size and markings, as is shown in Figs. 

 20 and 24. 



An excellent, detailed, 75-page accoimt by G. Del Guercio of the European 

 grape-berry moth was published in 1889 (Nuove Relazioni R. Stazione di En- 

 tomologia Agraria di Firenze, Serie Prima, No. 1, p. 117-193). In a careful 

 comparison of specimens of the early stages of our American species with Guercio's 

 descriptions, we found but few minor differences. 



