Two GEAi'ii Pbsts. 137 



and we conquered the leaf-hoppers with a whale-oil soap spray 

 (Bulletin No. 215). Therefore, a vineyardist's ammunition should 

 consist primarily of Bordeaux mixture and some poison, preferably 

 arsenate of lead or "Disparene;" to this add whale-oil soap for leaf- 

 hopper emergencies. Anyone can easily make this ammunition and 

 the ingredients are cheap and readily obtained. Our spray Calendar 

 Bulletin No. 217 gives detailed information for preparing the mix- 

 tures. 



During the past season several vineyardists used a ground or " New 

 Process " lime in making Bordeaux mixture. Two samples of these 

 prepared limes were submitted to our chemist, who reports that both 

 were made from dolomitic limestone, and one contained over 35 per 

 cent and the other over 48 per cent of magnesia and other matter 

 that were non-available or practically useless for combining with the 

 copper sulphate in making Bordeaux mixture. It is undoubtedly 

 easier and handier to use these " New Process " limes than the common 

 stone lime, but it requires from one-third to one-half more of them 

 to satisfy the chemical combinations required in making good Bor- 

 deaux mixture. Unless the ferro-cyanide test is used in making the 

 Bordeaux mixture, there is danger of not getting in enough of the 

 kind of lime necessary to neutralize the copper sulphate, and burning 

 of the foliage may result. Thus it is doubtful if it pays in the end to 

 load up the spray mixture with so much useless powder. 



After getting his ammunition ready, the vineyardist is confronted 

 with the more serious and difficult problem of its proper, effective 

 and practical application. For the cheapest and most practical 

 spraying of large vineyards, it is necessary to have a pump run by 

 some stronger and cheaper power than hand power, and there should 

 be a suitable arrangement of several adjustable nozzles. When the 

 gun is properly loaded, one or two persons should be able to drive 

 it between the rows of vines and fire a continuous volley of effective 

 and well-directed shots on each side at the enemies as fast as the 

 horses walk. Some of the spraying rigs used in the Chautauqua 

 vineyards last season are shown in Figs. 26, 27 and 28. The best 

 arrangement of nozzles we have seen for thorough spraying in vine- 

 yards is on the gas-power pump in Fig. 28. For the most effective 

 work it needs three or four nozzles on each side, and for the root- 

 worm beetles one of them should spray downward onto the top of the 

 vines. Have the nozzle connections adjustable so they may be easily 

 arranged to suit vines of different ages and heights. 



A very fine, misty or fog-like and forceful spray is necessary for the 

 most effective work, and to obtain and continue this through six or 



