Home Naturej-Study Course. 389 



begin and continue this study. The study of trees, like the study 

 of birds, cannot be finished in one year nor ten, — but when once 

 begun is carried on involuntarily and unconsciously, thus adding 

 delightful and ever-growing interests to take us afield. 



LESSON ON TREES IN WINTER. 



1. What is happening in the life of the tree in the winter? 



2. Where is the sap? Why do not the trees freeze and burst? 



3. Where are the leaves for the coming year? Why do you think so? 



4. How can you tell where last season's leaves were? 



5. How many species of trees are you able to distinguish when leafless? What 

 are they? 



6. There are at least eight common trees that may be distinguished at a 

 glance at the bark; what are they? 



7. Look at figure^of fruits that cling all winter, and tell what they are. Do 

 you know any others that may be thus distinguished? 



8. Look at the figure of three thorny branches below; tell what trees these 

 belong to. 



9. What birds' nests are seen in the winter in elms; in maples? 



10. Select two trees and describe each according to the method suggested on 

 the first pages of this lesson. 



THE COW. 



The history of the development of the different breeds of cows is 

 interwoven with the history of the civilization of different peoples. 

 Our neat-cattle have been developed from the wild cattle of Europe 

 and Asia, each country developing and breeding them according to 

 its own standards. Thus, England has produced the Short-horns or 

 Durhams, Herefords, Devons, Sussex; Scotland has given us the 

 Aberdeen Angus, Galloways and Ayrshires. The islands of the 

 English Channel have developed the Guernseys, Alderneys and Jer- 

 seys. Holland and Denmark produced the Holstein-Friesians and 

 Dutch-belted, Switzerland, the Brown Smss, and France, the Nor- 

 man breed. In looking over the map of Europe we are impressed 

 by the fact that all the best breeds of cattle found in the world to-day 

 were developed in the British Isles, and Europe north of Italy and 

 east of Russia. 



Man from the first foimd homed cattle especially useful in two 

 ways: they yielded him flesh and milk for food. So he developed 

 two strains, beef cattle and milch kine, the types of each differing so 

 widely in appearance that they seem almost like different species. 



The beef animal is in cross section approximately square, being 

 big and full across the loins and back, the shoulders and hips covered 

 heavily with flesh; the legs stout; the neck thick and short and the 



