198 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 



interesting and instructive recorded cases of this sort was reported by 

 von Siebold ('64). A hive of bees possessed by a certain Herr Eugster 

 of Constance contained a queen of pure Italian race, which had been 

 mated with a drone of the common German race. During a period of 

 four years this liivo produced hundreds of hermaphroditic bees, and it is 

 important to observe, always from fertilized eggs. For the drones pro- 

 duced in this hive were of pure Italian race, like the mother ; whereas 

 the hermaphrodites showed the characters of both parents, though more 

 often with a })redominance of maternal characters. 



The peculiarity, apparently, lay not solely in tlie gametes of the 

 mother, for in that case the hermaphrodites should have been of pure 

 Italian race, but rather in the combination of the (male) gametes of 

 the Italian queen with tlie (female) gametes of the German drone. The 

 dominance, normal among bees, of tlie female character (borne by the 

 spermatozoon) was not niiJized in these hybrid hermajjlirodites. 



Siebold obtained some two hundred of the hybrid bees and dissected 

 many of them. They included about all conceivable sorts and degrees of 

 hermaphroditism. There were true unilateral and antero-posterior her- 

 maphrodites, as well as others with intermediate or mixed characters, as 

 in size of eyes, number of joints in antennce, etc. Internal organs were 

 usually not closely correlated with external in character, but animals 

 male posteriorly possessed both testes and male copulatory organs, yet 

 sometimes had an imperfect sting (a female character), or a certain num- 

 ber of egg tubes fused with the testis, or even an ovary in place of a 

 testis. 



The hermaphrodite character clearly resulted in the case of these Vjees 

 from imperfect realization of the normal dominance of the female sex 

 character. 



2. Parthenogenetic Organisms. 

 (rt) General Application. 



A study of sex-heredity in parthenogenetic animals shows (1) that in 

 such animals the female character uniformly dominates over the male 

 whenever the two are present together, precisely as in the case of hybrid 

 mice gray coat-color dominates over white ; (2) that when a segregation 

 of sex-characters occurs in the formation of the gametes, it does so at the 

 second maturation division of tlie egg (in all but one or two exceptional 

 cases), and probably at the corresponding stage in spermatogenesis. 



In a few species of animals parthenogenesis is the only known method 

 of reproduction, males never having been observed. But in a far greater 



