132 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 



by a silken thread, and burrow to a depth of from two to six 

 inches. They make a tough cocoon of buff colored silk interwoven 

 with earth, and in twenty-four hours turn into the chrysalis. j^3 

 The Chrysalis is light grayish brown and about half an inch long. 

 The male chrysalis slender and provided with wing cases ; the 

 female larger and without wing cases. 



LIFE HISTORY. 



The eggs hatch about the time the buds on the apple trees expand. 

 The 3'oung worms feed upon the tender leaves, seeking shelter 

 within the expanding flowers or buds when the weather is wet or 

 cold. They eat holes in the leaves while young, but when older 

 devour the whole pulp of the leaf leaving only the veins and midrib. 

 They feed for about four weeks, and when plentiful so destroy the 

 foliage as to give the trees the appearance of having been scorched 

 with fire. They have done great damage to foliage trees along 

 highways. While letting themselves down to the ground they are 

 often swept off by carriages and carried long distances. 



The larvaj enter the ground, spin cocoons, are converted imme- 

 diatel}- into the chrysalis state, from which during the fall, winter 

 and following spring they emerge in the perfect form, completing 

 the life history. 



REMEDIES. 



Destroy the egg clusters when seen. Kill the moths when found 

 about the orchard. Jar the trees and destroy the larvffi that sus- 

 pend themselves by threads. 



Prevent the wingless females from ascending the trees, and the 

 larvce from descending or ascending. This may be done by means 

 of sticky substances bandaged to the tree, by troughs filled with oil, 

 or by collars of metal, wood or glass fastened to the tree and slop- 

 ing downward like an inverted funnel. Among the sticky substances 

 that have been used are included tar mixed with oil, refuse molasses, 

 printer's ink, lard and sulphur and slow drying varnishes. The 

 best way to apply these is to put them on a strip of stiff paper or 

 canvas six inches wide tied by the middle around the tree a few 

 inches above the ground. 



Troughs can be made of rubber, tin or lead, and put around the 

 trunk and kept full of oil. A good collar can be made from a tin 

 band somewhat larger than the trunk, to the top of which is attached 



