38 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 



tute tribunals inferior to the supreme court; — To define and punish 

 piracies and felonies committed on tlie high seas, and offenses a^jainst the 

 law of nations; — To declare war, grant letters of marciue and reprisal, 

 and make rules concerning captures on land and water; — To raise and 

 support armies; but no appropriation of money for that use shall b# for 

 a longer term than two years ; — To provide and maintain a navy ; — To make 

 rules lor the governnjpiit and regulation of the land and naval forces; — 

 To provide for calling f«)rth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, 

 suppress insurrections and repel invasions; — To provide for organizing, 

 arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them 

 as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the 

 States respectively the appointment of the officers, and the authority of 

 training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by congress; — 

 To exercise exclusive legislation in all oases whatsoever over such district 

 (not exceeding ten miles square) as uiay, by cession of particular States, 

 and the acceptance of congress, become the seat of the goveriuiient of 

 the United States; and to exercise like authority over all places pur- 

 chased by the consent of the legislature of the State hi which the same 

 shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and 

 other needful buildings; — And to make all laws which shall be necessary 

 and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all 

 other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United 

 States, or in any department or officer thereof. 



The power to enforce those declarations, therefore, is in the State, 

 to wit : in the people of the State, and as tlie State has no property, 

 or means of acquiring property but through or from its peoj^^e, it fol- 

 lows that the expenses of the State in supporting and enforcing its 

 guaranty of protection to its citizens must be borne by the persons 

 and property to be protected ; and hence taxes — which are deftned 

 "to be the enforced proportional contribution of person and propert}', 

 levied by the authorit}' of the State for the support of the Govern- 

 ment and for all public needs." ''It is the property of the citizen, 

 demanded and received by the State to be disposed of to enable it to 

 carry into effect its mandates and to discharge its manifold func- 

 tions." "It is the portion which each subject gives of his property 

 in order to secure and enjoy the remainder." "Revenues collected 

 of the people for things useful and conducive to their welfare." 



The justification of the demand is to be found in the reciprocal 

 duties of protection and support between the State and its citizens 

 and the exclusive sovereignty and jurisdiction of the State over the 

 persons and property within its territorj'. 



The citizens and the property owner owes to the Government the 

 duty to pay taxes, that the Government ma}' be enabled to perform 



