178 Br»\Ki> OK A<;KtrrLTrKK. 



DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 

 l\\ Noam Ckkssky, M. D.. V. S., Ph. D. 



(livfii at liistitut*' at I'olaixi. 



Mr. Claiiriiidn. Ladies and Gentlemen : — That ] may sjstoniatizf 

 the Lhouyrbts ot your Secretary, and bring home to vou the various 

 diseases of animals in a familiar way, it will tirst be necessary for 

 me to make you acquainted with the anatomical relations of man to 

 animals. That we have a close structural relationship with the lower 

 orders of animals no one will doubt ; that eyes are eyes and ears art 

 ears, and that hands are forward legs or wings, and that our legs are 

 actually hind legs you will not question. Therefore, if we endeavoi 

 to talk about a disease, lameness and the various injuries thfit the 

 joints may receive, 1 shall be obliged to point out the true morphological 

 relations between the joints of man and animals. It will be neces- 

 sary, therefore, in order to understand me when I talk about a certain 

 joint whether I call it a stifle or a knee, that you shall comprehend 

 its position anatomically. Accordingly, I will go over the subject 

 hastily and thus indicate the comparative relations of limbs. If 

 we talk about a hand or arm we must understand that it is a forward 

 leg. And if we commence at the shoulder we shall understand that 

 our shoulder-blade corresponds to the same bone in the horse, which 

 the collar rests upon. Then comes the large bone of the arm known 

 as the humerus. In the horse that is buried deep within the muscles 

 and is not free to move in all directions. In fact, the leg emerges 

 from the body at the elbow joint ; and the shoulder joint is therefore 

 buried in the muscles. The humerus is shorter than in our arm, deep 

 seated and hardly to be felt, except down near the olecranon joint 

 which corresponds to our elbow. This point of the elbow, which is 

 so often injured, thus giving us such painful sensations, exactly cor- 

 responds to the place where the shoe-ball occurs in the horse, from 

 lying down upon the shoe. 



We have in our fore-arm two bones ; the one forming a joint here 

 at the elbow with the humerus above, is known as the ulna. That 

 joint is hinge-like in action : we have the power to place the hand the 

 other side up without turning this bone at all. That is accomplished 

 b}' the bone on the other side, called the radius. lu the horse and ox 

 we do not find that form of motion. Those animals have not the 



