8 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST. 



families. The Gentianales besides the gentians contain 

 the olives, ashes, buckbeans, dogbanes and milkweeds. 

 One of the largest orders both as regards families and 

 genera is the Polemoniales, which is made up of the morn- 

 ing glories, doddars, phloxes, borages, verbenas, mints, 

 nightshades, fig-worts, bladder-worts, broom-rapes, 

 trumpet-vines and others. The Plantaginales contain the 

 great plantain famiU^ and completes the orders with 

 superior ovaries. 



The Rubiales begin the Sympetalce with inferior ovar- 

 ies. It contains the madder and hone3^-suckle families. 

 Following it comes the Valerianales in which are the valer- 

 ians and teasels. The Campanulales include not onh' the 

 bellworts {Campanula) but the gourds, and what used to 

 be called theCompositfE,now separated into the chickory, 

 ambrosia and aster families. 



The composites are the most highh^ specialized of 

 plants and so end the Hst of orders. From them it is a 

 long way back to the simple flower of the willows or the 

 grasses, but as has been shown there is a fairly complete 

 line of development between them. No plant family is 

 separated from its nearest allies by hard and fast lines and 

 this explains various exceptions which all will note in 

 which certain species or groups of species do not conform 

 exactly to the requirements of the order. 



THE DEATH OF OLD DYES. 



BY O. W. BARRETT. 



THE death of an old industry is sad. Is it quite fair for 

 the new chemistry to poison and mercilessh' crush 

 out trade in many plant products, the culture of which 

 has for generations given employment to multitudes of 

 men? Must botanists stand helplessly by while one 

 economic species after another is knocked down and out 

 by this atom-wielding, molecule-splitting, dark-dealing 

 "ology" which used to be called chemistr3^ ? 



Less than half a century' ago the trouble began ; about 

 fifteen 3^ears have passed since the attack, which we shall 



