Maine; agricultural i;xplriment station. 19 io. 325 



little over an inch in length. It is legless, fleshy, and somewhat 

 grub-like in appearance, cylindrical in form, and light yellow in 

 color. The head is darker. 



The pupa, illustrated at b, is nearly as long as the adult insect, 

 which it resembles in a superficial manner, the head being bent 

 down toward the breast, and the legs and long antennae folded 

 upon the ventral surface. Its color is similar to that of the 

 larva. 



The beetles make their first appearance of the season late in 

 May or in June, according to locality. During the night they 

 come forth from the trunks of the trees in which they have bred, 

 and at this time may be seen in flight. 



Soon after their first appearance the sexes mate and eggs 

 are deposited. The female first makes an incision in the bark — 

 probably by means of her mandibles — causing it to split slightly ; 

 then, turning head upward, she places an egg under the bark 

 nearly a quarter of an inch from the incision, accompanying the 

 deposition by the extrusion of "a gummy fluid which covers 

 and secures it to its place and usually fills up the aperture. In 

 young trees with tender bark the egg is usually thoroughly hid- 

 den, while in older trees it is sometimes so shallowly imbedded 

 as to be readily seen." 



The larvae, soon after hatching, tunnel under the bark and feed 

 on the sap-wood, gradually working their way upward and 

 afterwards downward, usually remaining within a short dis- 

 tance of, or below the surface of, the ground, particularly in 

 young trees. By the end of the second year the larvae have 

 increased considerably in size and have now penetrated deeper 

 irito the solid heart-wood, their burrows being closely packed 

 behind them with castings. The third year the larvae gnaw 

 outward to the bark, form a pupal cell composed partly of their 

 castings and, with their heads pointing toward the bark, trans- 

 form to pupae. With the approach of May and June they cut 

 their way out by means of their powerful mandibles and issue 

 through a round hole as mature beetles. 



METHODS OF control. 



After borers have once entered a tree there is no better 

 remedy known than to cut them out with a knife or other sharp 

 instrument. Cutting the borers out, unless practiced with the 



