STATE POMOI.OGICAL SOCIETY. 79 



trees from planting, and two years old when planted, we con- 

 sider pretty good results, and there are certainly six years more 

 of crops to be had from these trees before the Northern Spies 

 will need the space, and each year will give largely increased 

 yields. At least one-half of the apples were thinned from the 

 trees, and not enough fruit was then taken off. 



In planting again I would change the distance and plant the 

 permanent trees 45 feet apart. We have Duchess trees of the 

 same age that did nearly as well as the Wealthy. This plan is 

 to be cautiously advocated. I am advising and directing other 

 large orchard plantings on this plan, but when the time comes 

 that the filler trees should be taken out, they must go even 

 though they are paying well. 



The danger with this plan, is that many who would adopt it, 

 would fail to take out the trees when necessary to do so, and 

 thus ruin their entire enterprise. No man with a weak back- 

 bone should plant trees on this system. 



DISEASES OE TREES. 



As with insects, trees have to contend against diseases. These 

 are mainly canker, collar rot, and twig blight. Also the fruit 

 is more or less subject to the apple scab fungus, which dis- 

 figures it for the market. 



Bordeaux mixture has been the main and most valuable ma- 

 terial to use for these conditions, but for the last few years it 

 has produced injurious effects upon apples by russeting the 

 skin of the fruit to such an extent that by many it has been 

 abandoned. Effort has been made to obtain substitutes for it 

 and these have been found in lime and sulphur, and in a new ma- 

 terial known as Sulfocide, made by B. G. Pratt Co., of New 

 York; and other preparations are being put out. Arsenate of 

 lead may be used with lime and sulphur, but only Paris green 

 with Sulfocide. Along this line of work we need more knowl- 

 edge. 



From some unknown cause, all spray materials have done 

 more or less damage to foliage and fruit the past season. The 

 spring was unusually wet and cold, and the fruit and foliage 

 were more tender and susceptible to injury from chemicals. 



For summer spraying, i gallon of lime and sulphur to 35 

 gallons of water should give good results, and i gallon of Sul- 

 focide to 200 of water, for apples and pears, and i to 300 for 



\ 



