STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 77 



covered. For the scale, one gallon to fourteen of water, sprayed 

 on the trees as soon as the foliage is off in the autumn, will 

 kill it. Very thorough work must be done. Too much spray- 

 ing is only half-way done. 



The other class of insects to be understood, is the chewing 

 and biting type. These are the apple-tree tent caterpillar, the 

 canker worm, the gypsy and brown-tail moths, and others that 

 eat foliage and fruit. For these a poison must be used. Ar- 

 senate of lead is one of the best materials to use, provided it 

 is pure. It adheres better to the foliage than Paris green, and 

 should be used at the rate of 2^ pounds in 50 gallons of water, 

 or in lime and sulphur in a summer spray. This should be 

 used as soon as the blossoms fall and again in ten or twelve 

 days. If the spraying is very thoroughly done, these two spray- 

 ings should destroy the codling moth and give 95 to 98% of 

 perfect apples, free from worms or blemish. A third spraying 

 about the middle of July should give protection wherever a 

 second brood of this moth appears. 



The brown-tail moth is a serious menace to New England 

 orchards but it may be controlled. For several years I have 

 had the directing of the development of one of the largest 

 orchards in New Hampshire, planted by the late Wm. H. White, 

 at Pittsfield. 



In August several thousand apple trees are regularly sprayed 

 with arsenate of lead, 2 pounds in 50 gallons of water, just as 

 the young caterpillars begin to eat the foliage before hibernating 

 for the winter. 



One thorough application will clean them out effectually and 

 before any damage is done by them. In a recent examination 

 of this large and very promising young orchard, I found but 

 two nests that had in them live caterpillars, so thoroughly had 

 the spraying been done. 



In the future planting of orchards, low headed trees should 

 be adopted. For this policy there are several good reasons. 

 Spraying can be done much better on low trees, the fruit can 

 be picked much more rapidly and at less cost, and there will be 

 far less loss of fruit from wind storms. 



From old trees, thirty-five feet high, it costs 25 cents a barrel 

 to pick the fruit that is left after storms, while the cost is but 

 6 cents a barrel on trees eighteen feet high. 



