100 PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS 



scriptions et belles-lettres, (3) Sciences, (4) Beaux-arts and (5) 

 Sciences morales et politiques. The academy of sciences con- 

 tains eighty members and the other academies forty. Each re- 

 ceives a pension. As we all know, the intellectual life of France 

 has been centered largely at Paris and in the academies. 



The Royal Society of London resulted from a club that held 

 meetings as early as 1645 ; it was finally organized in 1660 and 

 chartered in 1662. The membership was larger and less exclu- 

 sive than in the case of the Paris Academy, and there has not 

 been a division into sections. Under the existing statutes fifteen 

 fellows are elected annually, and the membership numbers 

 about 450. The fellows do not receiv^e pensions as in the con- 

 tinental academies, but pay dues. The society, however, ad- 

 ministers a government fund for research (;^4,ooo annually), 

 and has in many ways cooperated with the government. There 

 has been this year established a British Academy for the Pro- 

 motion of Historical, Philosophical and Philological Studies. 



The Accademia del Cimento, begun in Florence in 1657, and 

 the Collegium Curiosum begun in Altorff, Franconia, in 1672, 

 are types of the scientific clubs of the time. Somewhat later 

 academies were established in various centers — the Berlin 

 Academy in accordance with the plan of Leibnitz in 1700 and 

 the St. Petersburg Academy by Peter the Great in 1724. The 

 members receive salaries from the government ; at St. Peters- 

 burg these are Hberal, so that at one time eminent foreigners, 

 such as Nicholas and Daniel BernoulH, were attracted to St. 

 Petersburg by membership. Similar academies were established 

 in the capitals and other cities of the continent — at Stockholm, 

 Copenhagen, Munich, Madrid and elsewhere. These imperial 

 and royal academies were patronized by kings and princes and 

 were part of the court life of the time. 



The American Philosophical Society, modeled by Franklin 

 on the Royal Society, had its beginnings at Philadelphia in 

 1743 ; and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, mod- 

 eled by Adams on the Paris Academy, was established at Bos- 

 ton in 1780. Both institutions were originally of national scope 

 and still maintain this character to a certain extent. Academies 



