THE AMERICAN BOTANIST 51 



the lower forest levels are unable to live in this water-soaked 

 highland, so that the flora exists in its primitive condition. 



There are two summit bog regions on the island of Maui. 

 West Maui, which is deeply eroded, is crowned by Pun Kukui 

 (5788 feet). On a narrow summit ridge, a mile and a half 

 to the north of this peak, is an ancient tufa crater basin, Ecke. 

 The saucer-shaped interior of this crater, and much of the 

 narrow summit flats between it and Pun Kukui, is boggy. 

 The vegetation is strikingly similar to that of Wai-aleale. 

 Puu Kukui rises directly above the great amphitheater of Iao 

 Valley. Eeke hangs on the verge of a similar valley bowl, 

 Wai-hee. The torrential rains that have so enlarged the 

 valley heads, maintain the elevated bogs. Although difficult 

 of access, these bogs have been frequently visited by scientists, 

 and their floral and faunal contents are better known than those 

 of Molokai or Kohala. 



Of comparatively recent exploration are the boggy flats 

 that lie at the extreme head of Kipa-hule Valley, on the 

 eastern slope of East Maui. A small lake, \Y ai-a-napa-napa, 

 occurs in the midst of these high swamps, at an elevation ot 

 eight thousand feet. The general aspect of the Wai-a-napa- 

 napa swamps is similar to that of Molokai. The entire wind- 

 ward slope of the Hale-a-ka-la calderon is characterized by 

 torrential precipitation. A large part of the upper jungle 

 forest is inaccessible unless the party is equipped with machetes 

 and axes. The complete exploration of this deeply eroded and 

 densely vegetated area lies in the future. 



The only summit bogs on Hawaii occur in the Kohala 

 Mountains, at the northern extremity of the island. This 

 range is of great geologic antiquity, and undoubtedly existed 

 long before the formation of the vast volcanic domes that lie 

 to the south and now dominate the island. The island of 

 Kohala probably existed as such, — and much larger than the 

 present Kohala Range, — simultaneously with the island of 



