430 ANNALS NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 



4. Isolation. Association trains may develop when the drowsy state is 

 extended over a long period of time, and show the same behavior as to the 

 "flash-light" perceptual or ideational states in drowsiness proper, the 

 essential thing being the release of all intellectual inhibition. 



5. Grandeur and vastness characterize the simpler perceptual compli- 

 cations as well as the more developed thought processes. 



6. Amnesia for processes and events occurring during the drowsy state 

 comes quickly. 



7. Absence of special symbolism, except in so far as the hallucination 

 reflects the recent experiences or occupations and hence, perhaps, the 

 fundamental interests of the observer. 



Summary. The drowsiness hallucination seems to be a "flash-light" 

 perceptual fusion or complication, and is further characterized by trans- 

 formation of imagery type ; sensory, perseverative, and ideal substitution ; 

 fluid association on a sensorv basis ; and bv isolation of association trains 

 when they develop ; and it is accompanied by tendencies toward grandeur 

 and vastness, by rapidly ensuing amnesia, and by absence of symbolism. 



Mr. Furst gave a collection of items from biography and autobiography 

 selected so as to illustrate the ways in which such material may suggest 

 fruitful fields and methods for psychological study. Thus, in the field of 

 mental hygiene, individual equipment for sensation, and individual habits 

 of confinement or exercise, food and sleep, and individual habits of work 

 appear to have an adjustable relation to youth and age, to climate, season, 

 and weather, and to weekly and daily rhythms of efficiency. Similarly, 

 environment, appliances, habit and variety, freedom and restraint, society 

 and solitude may be, at least partially, controlled in their effect upon 

 mental attitudes, interests, aims, and ideals as these, in turn, are related 

 to mental spontaneity and efficiency. Study of mental action and re- 

 action may thus be directed toward a definite selection of stimulus and a 

 deliberate adoption of methods of work that will enhance both the welfare 

 of the mental mechanism and the quality of its product. 



Mr. Miller said in abstract : It has been maintained that the meaning 

 of the proposition "it ought to be" can never be expressed by any propo- 

 sition about human feelings, preferences, approvals, or the like; that 

 there is something objective and absolute in the ethical proposition which 

 is missing in the psychological form. But there is an exactly analogous 

 relation between subjective and objective statement in a long list of cases 

 other than the ethical. Thus we make objective statements about what is 

 comic, and their absoluteness is lost when we only state propositions about 

 human feelings of amusement. The whole column of correlatives would 



