THE AMERICAN BOTANIST. 11 



white pine, am I not justified in believing that the cicadas 

 avoided the coni ferae because of some inherent quaHty within 

 these trees? In the same way, when I find the greenbrier 

 cHmbing over a thorn tree that has had eggs laid on all 

 branches less than one-half inch in diameter, and the brier is 

 not slit at all, I believe it is because the cicadas did not like 

 the greenbrier. 



The walnut was used to some extent, the butternut hardly 

 at all. The three species of hickory, bitternut, pignut, and 

 shagbark, were used freely, but the thickness of the twigs pre- 

 vented their being injured to so large an extent as the smaller 

 twigged trees. The poplars and willows were freely used. I 

 could not help wondering, when noticing the rapidity with 

 which the wounds of these trees healed, if the young cicadas 

 ever found themselves grown in ! 



The oak family suffered largely; the ironwood, blue- 

 beech, hazel, all birches, alders, chestnuts, oaks, even little 

 trees still in the nursery, being slit and ripped without regard. 

 Indeed, the beechnut plantation, consisting of ten fine trees 

 about five feet high were ripped so vigorously as to be killed 

 back to the ground. The three elms and the hackberry were 

 used somewhat, while the mulberry was skipped entirely, and 

 the tulip tree nearly so. The papaw was also entirely free 

 from injury. There are about five acres of native papaw in 

 the Forest growing among the maples. These maples and 

 youngsters of other sorts among the papaws were ripped and 

 slit as with a rip saw, but the papaw escaped without a single 

 scratch. 



The barberries as might be expected, were exempt, as was 

 also the spicebush, while the sweet-scented shrub {Caly- 

 canfhus) was used to a slight extent. There was no sassafras 

 in the Forest, but a native roadside copse near Joliet showed 

 no signs of cicada work. The gooseberries and black cur- 



