62 THE AMERICAN BOTANIST 



as mushrooms do, from asexual spores in the ground ; prob- 

 ably most people have ne\er seen these prothallia as they are 

 usually small and go to pieces when the large, familiar asexual 

 ferns, club-mosses, etc., grow from them. Fern prothallia" 

 are sometimes called "young ferns" by greenhouse men; this 

 is true in the same sense that a poppy flozvcr is a "young 

 poppy," if new plants are derived from it. Hence in Division 

 2, the familiar plants of Sub-Division 1 are in the opposite 

 generation from those of Sub-Division 2. 



Division 3. — All plants of Sub-Kingdom 2 develop 

 Seeds, while those of Sub-Kingdom 1 do not. One difference 

 between Division 3 (Gymnosperms) and the plants of Divi- 

 sion 4, may be seen by comparing the nuts from pinion pine 



and walnut trees, before the covering of the latter is removed. 

 Division 4, Sub-Division 1. — If grass and onion seeds 



are planted in one flower-pot, and clover and beet seeds in 

 another, the fundamental difference between the two sub- 

 divisions of Division 4 can be seen by watching the first 

 sprouts that appear above ground ; these first leaves are called 

 cotyledons. Sub-Division 2. — By comparing the flowers of 

 poppy and morning glory, it is clear what is meant by saying 

 that the Petals of the former are not united and that they are 

 tmitcd in the latter; which shows one difference between tlie 

 two classes of this sul)-division. 



Class 1, Sub-Classes 1 and 2. — Flowers like those of beet 

 or nettle are best, examined with a small microscope. Com- 

 1 taring such flowers with a poppy or a rose shows what is 

 meant by saying that the former \ery small flowers have green 

 Sepals only, while ihc latter ha\e both green sepals and Petals 

 that may be white or colored. 



Class 2, Sub-Classes 1 and 2 (Division 4.) The ribs of 

 an umbrella are arranged around the handle in a Ulioyl: The 

 flowers of Sub-Class 1 are composed of four whorls ; those of 

 Sub-Class 5 are composed of fi\e whorls. 



