Extension Work in Horticulture. 195 



pack ; what to pack in ; how long to keep when packed, before 

 marketing. 



Above applying to common methods of marketing. 



II. Suggestions as to shipping- crates. 

 III. New scheme concerning handling and markethig grapes. 



A Brief of the Evolution of Plants. 

 (Given at the first Fredonia School.) 

 (By L. H. Bailey.) ^ 



1. Conception of an organic evolution. Its relation to philoso- 

 phy, history, sociology, theology. 



2. Reasons for the belief in evolution. Struggle for existence. 

 Constant changes in the external world. 



3. Explanations of evolution. Lainarckism. Darwinism. Neo- 

 Darwinism or Weismannism. Neo-Larmarckism. 



4. Divergence of the animal and plant. Individuality. Theory 

 of the phytomer. Bud variation. Philosophy of pruning. 



5. Yariants of domestication. Climate. Food supply : (a) 

 character of soil ; (b) thin planting ; (c) fertilizing ; (d) tillage. 

 Chano;e of seed. Greenhouses. 



6. Philosophy of sex. It exists for the purpose of making vari- 

 able off-spring. Crossing and hybridizing amongst plants. 



7. Selection as a means of contemporaneous evolution. 

 Definitions: — Family, Order in botany. — A group of genera 



and species ; as Gupultferm, the oak family, Rosaceoe,, the rose 

 family. 



Genus (plural, genera). — A group or kind comprising a greater 

 or less number of closely related species ; as Acer^ the maples, 

 Fragaria, tlie strawberries. 



Species (plural, species). — An indefinite term applied to all indi- 

 viduals of a certain kind which come or are supposed to come from 

 a common parentage. A perennial succession of normal or natural 

 similar individuals perpetuated by means of seedage. "All the 

 descendants from the same stock." — Gray. 



Variety. - A form or series of forms of a species marked by 

 characters of less permanence or less importance than are the species 

 themselves. 



