196 Agricultural Experlment Station, Ithaca, N. Y. 



Sj?o?'i. — A variety or variation which appears suddenly and 

 unaccountably, either from seeds or buds. 



Ci'oss. — The offspring of any two flowers which have been cross- 

 fertilized. 



Hybrid. — A cross between two distinct species. 



Environment. — The conditions or circumstances in which an 

 organism lives, comprising climate, soil, and all other external 

 conditions. 



The Philosophy and Practice of Pruning. 

 (Given at the second Fredonia School.) 



(By L. H. Bailey.) 



A. Why we prune. 



1. To produce larger and better fruit. 



2. To keep the plant within manageable shape and limits. 



3. To change the habit of the plant from more or less wood- 



bearing or fruit-bearing. 



4. To remove superfluous or injured parts, 



5. To facilitate spraying. 



6. To facilitate tillage and to improve the convenience of the 



plantation. 



B. The philosophy of pruning. 



1. The argument from philosophy. 



The struggle of existence amongst the branches. 



2. The argument from physiology. 



3. The argument from experience. 



4. How nature prunes. 



C. How AND when to PRUNE. 



1. The position of the fruit bud. 



2. How wounds heal.] 



(a) The cork cells and their mission. 



(b) The cambium and its office. The tension in stems. 



The callus.' 



(c) The form of the wound in relation to the healing 



process. The wound parallel to the parent branch. 

 The wound at right angles to the severed branch. 

 The shoulder. The direction of the wound. The 

 length of the stub. The edges of the wound. 



