The Life-History and Anatomy of Butterflies 
pillars have long, 
thickest about the 
Fig. 12.— Caterpillar of 
Papilio philenor (Riley). 
worm-like bodies. Frequently they ate 
middle, tapering before and behind, flat¬ 
tened on the under side. While the 
cylindrical shape is most common, there 
are some families in which the larvae 
are short, oval, or slug-shaped, sometimes 
curiously modified by ridges and promi- 
nences. The body of the larvae of lepi- 
doptera consists normally of thirteen rings, 
or segments, the first constituting the 
head. 
The head is always conspicuous, com¬ 
posed of horny or chitinous material, 
but varying exceedingly in form and 
size. It is very rarely small and retracted. 
It is generally large, hemispherical, 
conical, or bilobed. In some families it 
is ornamented by horn-like projections. 
On the lower side are the mouth-parts, 
consisting of the upper lip, the mandibles, 
the antennae, or feelers, the under lip, the 
maxillae, and two sets of palpi, known as 
the maxillary and the labial palpi. In 
many genera the labium, or under 
short, horny projection known as 
which the silk secreted by the cater¬ 
pillar is passed. On either side, 
just above the man¬ 
dibles, are located the 
eyes, or ocelli, which 
in the caterpillar are 
simple, round, shining 
prominences, generally 
only to be clearly dis¬ 
tinguished by the aid 
of a magnifying-glass. 
lip, is provided with a 
the spinneret, through 
Fig. 13. —Head 
of caterpillar of 
Papilio aste- 
fi as, front view, 
enlarged. 
Fig. 14. — Head of caterpillar 
of Anosia plexippus , lower side, 
magnified 10 diameters: lb, la- 
brum, or upper lip; md, mandi¬ 
bles; mx, maxilla, with two 
palpi; Im, labium, or lower lip, 
with one pair of palpi; s, spin¬ 
neret; a, antenna; 0, ocelli. 
(After Burgess.) 
These ocelli are fre 
quently arranged in series on each side. The palpi are organs 
of touch connected with the maxillae and the labium, or under 
lip, and are used in the process of feeding, and also when the 
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