The Life-Histcry and Anatomy of Butterflies 
A few species live gregariously during the period of hibernation, 
constructing for themselves a shelter of leaves woven together 
with strands of silk. 
Transformation. — The larval or caterpillar stage having been 
completed, and full development having been attained, the cater¬ 
pillar is transformed into a pupa, or chrysalis. Of this, the third 
stage in the life of the insect, we now shall speak at length. 
THE PUPA, OR CHRYSALIS 
The caterpillars of many butterflies attach themselves by a 
button of silk to the under surface of a branch or stone, or 
other projecting surface, and are transformed into chrysalids, 
Fig. 23.— Caterpillar of /Inosia plexippus, undergoing 
change into chrysalis: a , caterpillar just before rending of the 
skin ; b, chrysalis just before the cremaster, or hook, at its end 
is withdrawn; c, chrysalis holding itself in place by the folds 
of the shed skin caught between the edges of the abdominal 
segments, while with the ciemaster, armed with microscopic 
hooks, it searches for the button of silk from which it is to 
hang (Riley). (Compare Fig. 24, showing final form of the 
chrysalis.) 
which are naked, and which hang perpendicularly from the sur¬ 
face to which they are attached. Other caterpillars attach them¬ 
selves to surfaces by means of a button of silk which holds the 
anal extremity of the chrysalis, and have, in addition, a girdle of 
silk which passes around the middle of the chrysalis, holding it 
in place very much as a papoose is held on the back of an Indian 
squaw by a strap passed over her shoulders. 
The Form of Chrysalids.—The forms assumed by the insect 
in this stage of its being vary very greatly, though there is a general 
resemblance among the different families and subfamilies, so that 
