The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths 
tate. The form and arrangement of the joints may be such as to 
suggest the teeth of a saw; such antennae are said to be serrate. 
When on the lower side of the joints of the antennae there are 
minute plate-like projections, the antennae are described as lamel¬ 
late. Many moths ha ve pectinate antennae, the projections resem¬ 
bling little combs, which may be arranged singly or in pairs on 
each joint. Occasionally, but not often, there are two pairs 
of such appendages on each joint. When the pectination is 
excessive, so as to cause the antennae to resemble a feather, they 
are said to be plumose. Figures 9 and 10 illustrate some of 
these forms. In addition to the peculiarities which have just 
been mentioned, antennae may be variously adorned with scales, 
especially upon the upper side of the shaft, and they may be 
notched, or provided with knot-like enlargements, in which case 
they are said to be nodose , or they may be curved, or bent in 
peculiar ways, when they are described as sinuate. 
The thorax, as in butterflies, consists of three segments, the 
prothorax, the mesothorax, and the metathorax. The pro¬ 
thorax bears the tegulae or collar-lappets, the patagia, or shoulder- 
lappets, and the anterior pair of legs. The mesothorax carries 
the second pair of legs and the fore wings. The metathorax the 
last pair of legs and the hind wings. 
The abdomen, just as in butterflies, is normally composed of 
nine segments, though the modifications of the terminal seg¬ 
ments are often such as to make it difficult to recognize so many. 
At the base of the thorax is situated a pair of large tracheal 
spiracles, and on the other segments pairs of smaller spiracles. 
Through these spiracles respiration is carried on. At the end of 
the abdomen, more or less concealed by variously arranged tufts 
of hair, are the organs of generation, which have in recent years 
been studied quite closely by a few authors and are useful in 
distinguishing species. 
The legs of moths are composed of coxa, trochanter, femur, 
tibia, and tarsus, the latter composed of five joints, and armed 
at its end with two more or less developed hooks, or claws, 
known technically as the ungues , and also a pulvillus , or pad, just 
back of the claws on the lower side. The legs are armed with 
spines and spurs, and there are different sexual appendages in the 
males of various genera. The cut (Figure 11) shows the structure 
