The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths 
groups, as the Phycitince, the frenulum is simple in both sexes. 
In some of the families the frenulum is aborted, and its function 
is assumed by a lobe-like expansion of 
the basal portion of costa of the hind 
wing. The nomenclature of the parts 
of the wings of moths is not essentially 
different from that which is employed 
in describing the wings of butterflies. 
There are, however, certain conventional 
terms which have been applied by authors 
to the markings upon the wings, espe¬ 
cially of the Noctuidce, and Figure 15 will 
serve to explain and illustrate these terms. 
A great deal of useful information in regard to the anatomical 
structure of the Lepidoptera, and of moths in particular, may be 
Fig. 14.—Frenulum and Retinaculum. (From “Moths of India,” Vol. I.) 
i. $ ; 2. $.—A. Fore Wing. B. Hind Wing. 
f. Frenulum. s.n. Subcostal nervure. 
r. Retinaculum. m.n. Median nervure. 
c.n. Costal nervure. i.n. Internal nervure. 
derived from the study of various manuals and special papers, 
reference to which will* be made hereafter as the various families 
are successively taken up and studied. 
Among works to be particularly recommended in this connec¬ 
tion are those of Professor A. S. Packard and Professor Comstock’s 
“ Manual for the Study of insects.” A very useful treatise is 
found in Professor David Sharp’s two volumes upon the Insecta 
contained in the “ Cambridge Natural History.” Every student, 
as he advances in the study of the subject, will have frequent 
occasion to consult these useful books, which embody the results 
of the most recent researches and are invaluable for purposes of 
Fig. 13. — Wings of 
Hepialus gracilis. Mag¬ 
nified. j, jugum. 
17 
