220 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA 



This principle, they state, extends to all the species of Indian Anopheles, and 

 they point out an excellent example in three species found in an isolated bazaar 

 at Mian Mir. Here there were three species, A. culicifacies, A. fuliginosus, and 

 A. rossi. " This bazaar is surrounded by an irrigation channel about four feet 

 wide and three feet deep. At the upper end of this water-course and about ten 

 yards from it are a number of broad shallow muddy pools, ki the lower end 

 of the water-course and about thirty yards from the bazaar is a swampy piece 

 of land covered with thick trees and shrubs, and containing a number of deep 

 clear pools in which water plants and weed had grown." The adults of all three 

 species were present in the houses of the bazaar, but in the irrigation channel 

 only the larvae of A. culicifacies were found, while in the shallow, muddy pools 

 only the larvae of A. rossi, and in the deep, clear pools under the trees only the 

 larvae of A. fuliginosus. Each of these species, therefore, had selected a par- 

 ticular kind of breeding-place. In another part of Mian Mir still another species 

 of Anopheles was found breeding in the earthenware vessels of water. This 

 species was A . stephensi, and it was not found breeding elsewhere. 



The Sergents in Algeria studied with great care the subject of breeding-places, 

 but there is little to add to what is given above. They call attention to the fact 

 that in this country of the Arabs the spring, without which a community of 

 people can not exist, is at the same time the indirect cause of the unhealthiness 

 of the region in serving as a breeding-place of Anopheles. 



We have mentioned the breeding of two species in collections of water in tree- 

 holes, frequently far away from human habitations, but have not mentioned in 

 this connection the accumulations of rain-water at the bases of the leaves of 

 certain bromeliaceous plants in the tropics. A number of species of mosquitoes 

 breed in such accumulations, and among them there is at least one Anopheles. 

 In a suggestive paper entitled " Waldmosquitos und Waldmalaria," Dr. A. 

 Lutz, formerly Director of the Bacteriological Institute of Sao Paulo, gives 

 an account of the possible influence of such an Anopheles upon the con- 

 struction of a railway. This railway was being built from Sao Paulo to Santos 

 in Brazil, through an elevated well-wooded and wild region in which there wer« 

 many mountain streams. Stagnant pools did not occur. During the con- 

 struction of an adjoining railway intermittent fever had prevailed among the 

 laborers, but after the line was completed it disappeared. During the construc- 

 tion of the new line many laborers were lodged in clearings in the forest along 

 the line. Intermittent fever soon appeared, especially in the lower portions, but 

 in the hot seasons rising to the top of the mountain. The fever was mild, but 

 relapses were frequent. Doctor Lutz personally investigated the conditions, and 

 himself spent a few nights on the spot. The first night he found an Anopheles 

 mosquito, afterwards described by Theobald as Anopheles lutzii.* He found 

 it abundantly in the mountain forest near the coast, but never far inland. He 

 made a careful search for the breeding-places, and by a process of elimination 

 finally focused his attention upon the epiphytic Bromeliaceae. These were very 



• A species was previously given the same specific name by Dr. Cruz, the present one was 

 changed to A. cruzii by Dyar & Knab. 



