206 COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF FUNGI 



spread over the leaf surface and intertwine, forming chocolate brown to 

 black, wooly coverings. These cling fast to the surface of the leaf by 

 haustoria which, as in the Erysiphaceae, penetrate the epidermal cells, 

 occasionally also by sinkers which bore between the epidermal cells 

 (Fig. 130, 2). 



Besides the usual vegetative hyphae, larger, more deeply staining 

 hyphae, the sexual organs, also extend to the surface. The terminal 

 cells are uninucleate (Fig. 130, 3 and 4). Originally they are both of 

 equal size but later are differentiated into a slender male and a clavate 

 female. They come into open communication with each other when the 

 male nucleus migrates into the female copulation branch and fuses with 

 the female nucleus. The unmated copulation branches develop again 

 to vegetative mycelia (Fig. 130, 5 and 6). The zygote develops, as in 

 the Erysiphaceae, to a short filament whose cells are all uninucleate, as 

 far as known. The terminal cell is the largest and is very rich in proto- 

 plasm (Fig. 130, 9 to 11). The stipe cells are vacuolate and frequently 

 undergo subsequent longitudinal division. When a filament has reached 

 a certain length, it is surrounded by sterile cells from the stipe cell to the 

 tip, and changes into a multispored ascus. The stipe cells collapse and 

 the monascous perithecia finally lie free in the hyphal tissue (Fig. 130, 13). 

 The peripheral cells of the sheath develop to long hyphae which (in con- 

 nection with the mycelial hyphae?) surround the fructification like a 

 wreath and finally intertwine in a hard crust (Fig. 130, 14). The spores 

 mature only after the fall of the leaves; both this and the germination 

 have not been investigated. 



Lanomyces differs from Sphaerotheca in that the hypha growing from 

 the ascogonium remains uninucleate throughout, goes through a compli- 

 cated septation, changes its terminal cell to an ascus and causes the 

 perithecial ground tissue to arise, not from the sporiferous hypha of the 

 archicarp, but from the ascogenous hypha itself. 



Besides, within the Perisporiaceae Lanomyces forms a noteworthy 

 transition from endophytic to asterinoid growth. In the younger stages, 

 the hyphae are entirely endophytic; later they develop predominantly 

 on the surface of the leaf; similarly the copulation branches arise in the 

 interior of the leaves but complete their development on the epidermis. 



This transition from endophytic to asterinoid growth attains its 

 complete development in the two following genera, Balladyna and Meliola. 

 Balladyna Gardeniae forms sooty coverings on the leaves of Gardenia sp. 

 in Java and stimulates them to manifold wrinkling and galls. The 

 brown, epiphyllous, aerial mycelium grows radially and clings to the 

 surface of the leaf by short, generally unicellar branches (hyphopodia) 

 (Fig. 131, 1). Other multicellular branches with equally limited elonga- 

 tion are perpendicular to the surface of the leaf and project as rigid, 

 vertical, pointed spines. A third kind of branch penetrates the mesophyll 



