428 COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF FUNGI 



opment: gymnocarpous (Polyporales), hemiangiocarpous (Agaricales) and 

 the angiocarpous (Gasteromycetes) . The Polyporales and Agaricales 

 are included in the earlier term Hymenomycetes ; their division does not 

 rest, as might be supposed from the typical genera Polyporus and Agari- 

 cus, on the tube and gill structures of the elevations of the hymenophore 

 but upon the gymnocarpous or hemiangiocarpous method of development 

 of their fructification. 



In this sense, the Basidiomycetes fall into nine orders. Within these, 

 the simpler ones begin with loose hyphal wefts and solitary basidia and 

 develop successively to the higher forms, the gymnocarpous and angio- 

 carpous fructifications, wherein they generally converge to similar types 

 of organization. The main outlines of the phylogeny in this sense has 

 been completed, therefore it may be observed that individual forms pass 

 through these stages ontogenetically in artificial culture. 



The probable relationships between these orders are presented diagram- 

 matically at the end of the book. The left wings include forms with 

 septate basidia, which are apparently derived from these; in the middle 

 are both orders with stichobasidia; the right wings contain the orders 

 with chiastobasidia. It is self-evident that the relationships existing 

 between the different orders in a horizontal direction cannot be sufficiently 

 expressed in this scheme as it must of necessity be two dimensional; e.g., 

 the Dacryomycetales and Cantharellales are more closely related to the 

 Auriculariales, and the Polyporales more closely allied to the Tremellales 

 than is to be inferred from this scheme. If in the future the chiasto- 

 basidia, contrary to the hypothesis stated here should be proved to be 

 cruciate basidia without septa, the whole right wing should be placed 

 above the Tremellales. 



