POLY POR ALES 



449 



all stages of fructification formation occurring anywhere in the Polypor- 

 ales. They first form arachnoid coverings, as those of Hypochnus, 

 with the basidia on single hyphae; then the hyphae intertwine to single 

 teeth, spines or plates, rising from the substrate; thereupon they join to 

 form resupinate fructification similar to those of the Radulaceae; they 

 then develop to bracket or centrally stipitate fructifications, sometimes 

 to thelephoroid, or clavarioid, with poriform or elongate depressions, 

 straight or daedaloid, finally ending in age as lamellate Lenzites fructifica- 

 tions. This example shows the impossibility of bringing these sapro- 

 phytes or facultative parasites into a system, according to our present 

 ideas of species. 



Fistulinaceae. — This family is characterized especially by the struc- 

 ture of its hymenophore, which is covered in youth with independent 



Fig. 291. — Ceriomyces citrinus. 1. Branched hypha, bearing gemmae, s, clamp con- 

 nections. 2. Part of hymenium. Between the basidia lie hyphae with gemmae, c. 3. 

 Basidia, bearing gemmae, c. Fistulina hepatica. 4. Gemmae-bearing hyphae. 5, 6. 

 Gemmae-bearing hyphae of a fructification. (1 to 3, 5, 6 X 350; 4 X 400; after Brefeld, 

 1889.) 



warty or granular elevations. These later elongate to peg-like tubes 

 which are closed during growth and covered in the interior with hymen- 

 ium; they open first at maturity. The phylogenetic connection of the 

 family is obscure. In the scheme on page 430 it is connected with the 

 Cyphellaceae, as the genus Solenia shows similar ontogeny. Maire 

 (1902) connects it with the Polyporaceae and derives these from the 

 Cyphellaceae. 



The edible Fistulina hepatica, which forms brackets up to a half-meter 

 on oaks, is best known. The hyphae in the interior are binucleate at 

 first, becoming multinucleate by fragmentation. They are penetrated by 

 latex vessels containing a dark red liquid. The upper surface of the fruc- 



