458 COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF FUNGI 



1911), Omphalia integrella (Delicatula integrella) and Leucopaxillus 

 paradoxus (Clitocybe paradoxa) (Kuehner, 1926). 



The basidia belong mostly to the four-spored type; the diploid nucleus, 

 e.g., in Mycena galericulata, shows the primitive position of this tribe by 

 three divisions, as in Hygrophorus agathosmus (Maire, 1902). The 

 two-spored forms resemble Hygrophorus conicus and H. virgineus in 

 that the spores develop parthenogenetically from uninucleate basidia 

 and subhymenial cells (Kuehner, 1927). The basidiospores are smooth 

 or echinulate. Oidia have been demonstrated for Collybia velutipes 

 (Biffen, 1899); sclerotia have been found in Collybia. In biological 

 relations, Collybia eurhiza is of special interest as it is cultivated by 

 termites in their nests in Ceylon and Java, like the South American 

 Rozites gongylophora. 



Many of the species are edible. 



The Marasmieae are an artificial group in which forms similar to those 

 of the Clitocybeae are grouped. They are tough, persistent, collapsing 

 in dry weather and reviving on return of humid conditions, membranous, 

 horny or even woody. The basidiospores are hyaline and smooth. 



The two best-known genera are Lentinus and Marasmius. In Lentinus, 

 the lamellae are adnate, in Marasmius they are free. Further, in Len- 

 tinus the tramal hyphae project in the form of fringe or teeth. The 

 edge of the lamella resembles a saw. This group is largely tropical. In 

 Europe Marasmius oreades, which resembles a Collybia, is used for food. 

 Marasmius perniciosus attacks Theobroma Cacao in Surinam, M. plicatus 

 and M. Sacchari causes the root disease of sugar cane in Java. 



Schizophylleae. — The only well-known species of this tribe, Schizo- 

 phyllum commune has long held an anomalous position in the Agaricaceae, 

 and it seems probable from the studies of Essig (1922) that it should be 

 transferred to the Cyphellaceae, or to the vicinity of Cladoderris in the 

 Corticiaceae or Radulaceae. Adams (1918) reported that the hymenium 

 was formed as a lining of radiating cavities, which finally split open. 

 Essig was unable to confirm these observations. The stipe may be either 

 central or lateral, but is always on the side of the pileus opposite the 

 hymenium, as in the Cyphellaceae. The mycelium is provided with 

 clamp connections and is binucleate throughout its development, since 

 the spore is binucleate. The fructification develops as small clavarioid 

 tuft with an apical pore. The hyphae just behind the apex differentiate 

 into the hymenial palisade, which expands and pulls apart the hyphae 

 of the tip. In this stage it resembles a large Cyphella or a Peziza. The 

 "lamellae" arise as short isolated ridges upon the surface of the hymenial 

 primordium. The primary ridges arise successively from a point beneath 

 the attachment of the stipe and radiate outward until they fuse with the 

 margin of the pileus. The secondary "lamellae" arise between them 

 and are not attached to the primary ones as sometimes reported. The 



