GASTEROMYCETES 491 



palisades (Fig. 313, 2, H, A). Further development proceeds from these 

 palisades. The subhymenial tissue grows outward, forming tramal 

 plates which anastomose freely and form the cavities of the gleba, lined 

 with the developing hymenium. The peridium is pushed outward by the 

 growth of the gleba, and since growth ceases early, the hyphae are torn 

 apart and gradually disappear, leaving the glebal cavities exposed at 

 maturity, as in Gymnomyces. As the tramal plates grow out from the 

 central strand it gradually collapses and forms a cartilaginous forked 

 columella. At maturity, the fructifications give off a pungent odor 

 which attracts rodents and thus secure dissemination. In Gautieria 

 plumbed the columella is much more highly developed, being nearly 

 percurrent and having broad primary branches, as well as a slender stipe. 

 The end member of this series is apparently Chamonixia caespitosa 

 (Hymenog aster caerulescens, if the synonymy given by Fischer (1925) 

 is correct). The fructifications at first develop gymnocarpously, then 

 the peridial hyphae unite with the stipe. Finally the columella disap- 

 pears as its sterile tissue is completely differentiated into gleba. The 

 original figures of Rolland rather suggest a coalescence of caespitose 

 fructifications such as we have found in Hydnangium sociale. 



Two anomalous species which perhaps should be transferred to form 

 a new genus, Hymenog aster verrucosus and H. Rehsteineri, occur in eastern 

 Europe. In young individuals (Fig. 311) the peridium Pol consists of 

 closely interwoven hyphae surrounding a loosely tangled ground tissue 

 BB, and the fundament of the gleba. The tramal plates grow downward 

 from the upper part of the peridium into the glebal chamber Km, like the 

 lamellae of the Agaricales. The tramal plates branch, anastomose form- 

 ing the glebal cavities and finally fuse with the ground tissue at the base 

 (Fig. 311, G.). The mature fructification has the same structure as that 

 of the H. lilacinus(?) group, which has a different ontogeny. At present 

 there is no way of knowing which method is followed by the greater 

 number of species. 



Hysterangiaceae. — In this family we again return to the Rhizopogon- 

 aceae. A primitive (or reduced?) form, Gallacea Scleroderma resembles 

 Rhizopogon at maturity and is sometimes classified in that genus {e.g., 

 Zeller and Dodge, 1918, under Rhizopogon violaceus). The fructification 

 first appears as a pyriform branch of a rhizomorph (Cunningham, 1924). 

 A dome-shaped zone in the outer portion of the glebal primordium cuts 

 off the future peridium, composed of compact, ramose hyphae, the outer 

 portion, of which is violet in color. The first cavities are few and large. 

 The secondary cavities are successively differentiated from the columella 

 tissue or formed by the rapid growth of tramal plates into the large 

 primary cavities, eventually cutting them up into a large number of small 

 ones. Cavities are also formed from the inner portion of the peridium, 

 as in Rhizopogon. When the columella, which here acts as a ground 



