608 COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF FUNGI 



weeks in T. Ranunculi there appear many little flakes of ramose hyphae. 

 They gradually become gray brown and, on forming smut spores, dark 

 brown. 



In Entyloma, germination is similar to Tuburcinia, only in case copu- 

 lation still occurs on the promycelium, copulation tubes are formed at the 

 tips rather than at the base of the sporidia. 



In Doassansia, finally, there are, as in Ustilago, two types of develop- 

 ment: D. punctiformis on Butomus umbellatus, and D. Alismatis (Fig. 

 403, 6 to 8) behave as Ustilago Scabiosae, i.e., copulation takes place 

 between each pair of sporidia (Brefeld, 1895). In D. Sagittariae 

 the sporidia germinate without copulation to uninucleate sprout mycelia 

 (Fig. 403, 2 to 3) which after infecting the host continue as uninucleate 

 mycelia. Copulation occurs, as in U. Zeae, on the formation of the smut 

 spores (Rawitscher, 1922; Seyfert, 1927). Tuburcinia primulicola, 

 known only from a short note by Wilson (1915), is exceptional. Its 

 mycelium consists of uninucleate cells which winter in the host. It 

 develops in the inflorescence and forms large masses of uninucleate 

 conidia on the calyx. These fall off, lie on the corolla and copulate by 

 tubes. The nucleus of one conidium migrates into the other. These 

 binucleate cells germinate on the flowers to binucleate mycelia on which 

 the smut spores appear later. 



Graphiolaceae. — For a long time this family was shifted between 

 the Phacidiales, Pyrenomycetes, Myxomycetes, imperfects and Ustila- 

 ginales, and has only recently been shown as undoubtedly related to the 

 Ustilaginales (E. Fischer, 1883, 1920, 1922; Killian, 1924). The best- 

 known representative, Graphiola Phoenicis, grows on the fronds of Phoenix 

 dactylifera. Its fructifications appear on both the upper and lower sides 

 of the pinnae, seldom on the midrib and form round or elongate, black 

 tuberosities, approximately 1.5 mm. thick and Yi mm. high, whose 

 walls are composed of a sclerenchymatous exterior and a thin inner 

 peridium. At maturity, a yellow fascicle of sporogenous hyphae and 

 capillitium breaks from the middle of the tuberosity. This fascicle 

 towers like a column above the peridial crater. In contrast to the 

 uninucleate cells of the vegetative hyphae, each of the cells of the sporo- 

 genous hyphae contains a dicaryon of unknown origin. These cells sprout 

 laterally in basipetal sequence to three to six spore initials, divide into 

 two daughter cells which round off and gradually, with the fusion of the 

 dicaryon, develop to thick-walled smut spores (gemmae). In germination 

 the diploid nucleus divides into four daughter nuclei, one of which remains 

 in the smut spore while the other three migrate into the germ tube and 

 become separated from each other by septa. Under favorable conditions 

 of nourishment, the germ tube may sprout. 



Shropshiria Chusqueae (Stevens, 1927) on Chusquea simpliciflora 

 has been referred to this family by its author. In this genus the cups 



