Guilliermond - Atkinson 



— 58 



Cytoplasm 



Beginning with the year 1910, the aspect of the question 

 changed and the almost simultaneous work of Pensa (1910), 

 Lewitsky (1911), and our own work (1911) showed a relationship 

 between chondriosomes and chloroplasts. But, as will be seen, 

 from that moment on, investigators found themselves face to face 

 with a problem which it took several years of patient and laborious 

 research to solve. 



A study of chondriosomes in the different plant groups has 

 demonstrated that these elements exist in every cell except, how- 

 ever, among the bacteria, where it has not yet been possible to 

 reveal them, and in the Cyanophyceae in whose cells it is at present 

 demonstrated that they are not found. 



Fig. 22. — Connective cells from tissue cul- 

 tures of guinea pig prepared by the mitochon- 

 drial method. (After Maximov). 



The chondriome in fungi:- The study of the chondriosomes is 

 relatively simple in plants lacking in chlorophyll, i.e., the fungi, 

 where we described them for the first time in the ascus of Pustularia 

 vesiculosa (1911). Chondriosomes were, after that, cited in the 



most varied fungal groups: 

 Myxomycetes (VONWILLER, 



CowDRY, Lewitsky, Mange- 

 not), Plasmodiophoraceae 

 (MiLOViDOV), Chytridiaceae 

 (PoissoN and Mangenot), 

 Blastocladiaceae (Winslow 

 Hatch), Saprolegniaceae (Ru- 

 dolph, Guilliermond), Pero- 

 nosporaceae (Lewitsky, H. 

 Edson, Dufrenoy, Saksena, 

 Miss Syngalowsky), Der- 

 matophytes (Grigoraki, Ne- 

 groni), Mucoraceae (Guil- 

 liermond, MoREAu), Hemiascomycetes (Guilliermond, Varit- 

 CHAK), lower Ascomycetes: Endomyces Magnusii, Endomyces fibu- 

 liger (Guilliermond), yeasts (Janssens and van de Putte, 

 Guilliermond, Henneberg, Negroni, Tredici, Verona), higher 

 Ascomycetes: Pezizales, Penicillium glaucum (Guilliermond, 

 Jannsens and Helsmortel), Ustilaginaceae and Uredinaceae 

 (M. and Mme. Moreau, Beauverie), Autobasidiomycetes (Guil- 

 liermond, Beauverie, Sarazin, Miss Duchaussoy). 



In almost all fungi, the chondriosomes predominate in the form 

 of chondrioconts, generally very elongated, sometimes branched, 

 and orientated in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of the 

 hyphae. In the Myxomycetes and Plasmodiophoraceae, however, 

 there are present only mitochondria or short rods. 



Development of the chondriome:- The chondriosomes are found 

 at all times in the cytoplasm of fungi. They are distributed among 

 the spores in the sporangia and asci and are likewise found in the 

 conidia {Penicillium glaucum) and in the buds of yeasts (Fig. 23). 



