Rubus ROSACEAE 555 



appear to be distinct; C. Engelmannii might be expected to occur in 

 southern Indiana, although no specimens have been seen, and it was prob- 

 ably this species that was reported as C. berberifolia. C. denaria, so far as 

 Indiana reports go, is probably referable to C. acutifolia as treated here, C. 

 straminea to C. rubella, C. macracantha to C. succulenta, and C. roanensis 

 to C. macrosperma. Reports of numbers 10, 11, and 12 were probably also 

 based upon collections of C. macrosperma. Numbers 4, 6, 9, and 18 may 

 ultimately be found in the state, although no authentic specimens of them 

 have been seen; of these C. ovata is probably only a form or variety of 

 C. viridis; C. Dodgei has often been confused with C. Margaretta, certain 

 forms of which it closely resembles, as well as with C. chrysocarpa, a 

 western species, but as it is common in parts of Michigan, it may be ex- 

 pected to extend into northern Indiana. Number 18 (C. HUM) is found 

 in northern Illinois and may be expected to extend into the northwestern 

 counties, although the specimens previously identified as this species seem 

 on re-examination to be C. Putnamiana, as treated here. Numbers 19 and 

 20 should probably be referred to C. pedicellata; numbers 15 and 16 are 

 probably identical and may represent a hybrid between C. macrosperma 

 and C. pruinosa or a related species. 



3353. RUBUS [Tourn.] L. Raspberries and Blackberries 



[Bailey. Gentes Herbarum 1: 139-200. 1923; 1: 201-306. 1925; 2: 269- 

 423. 1932; 2: 442-480. 1932; 3: 117-148. 1933; 3: 245-271. 1934.] 



It has been my good fortune to have had all of my Rubus specimens pass 

 through the hands of L. H. Bailey who has made an intensive and critical 

 study of the species of this genus for more than forty years. He says: 

 "Undoubtedly Rubus is the most baffling of the genera of North American 

 sporophytes." Since I regard him as our foremost authority on the subject 

 I have accepted his determinations and I am following his treatment of the 

 species throughout. I am using his keys wherever it is possible. This study 

 of the genus in Indiana is based upon my collection of 638 specimens. 



Bailey has denned a few terms of habit of growth which I quote. "A 

 blackberry is said to be erect when the general direction of the canes is 

 perpendicular even though they may curve a little at the top. It is ascend- 

 ing when the general direction is upward but perhaps oblique or much 

 curved. A cane is arching when it takes the general direction of a semi- 

 circle even though its tip or growing end may not reach the ground. It is 

 prostrate when it lies prone on the ground. A prostrate cane may have 

 fallen when carried to the ground by weight as of leaves, fruit, vines 

 growing over it, or as a result of injury. Erect or ascending species may 

 have fallen canes. A cane is trailing when it grows flat on the ground by 

 habit, continuing its extension in this direction; the word is commonly 

 erroneously employed for a cane that has merely fallen or is prostrate, and 

 confusion results. A prostrate plant may not be a trailer. The true trailers 

 among the blackberries usually strike root at nodes or tip." He has intro- 

 duced the word primocane for the first year's growth and floricane for the 

 fruiting or second year's growth. He suggests, also, that the direction of 



