122 



PEZIZALES 



(c) Thallus fruticose, Ramalina-like 

 (2) Spores needle-shaped, twisted 

 b. Spores 2-x-celled 



(1) Spores 2-celled; thallus without cortex 



(2) Spores x-celled; thallus with cortex 

 2. Apothecia lecanorine 



a. Spores 1-celled 



(1) Paraphyses simple, scarcely united 



(a) Thallus scaly or dwarf-fruticose 

 X. Thallus without cortex 



y, Thallus with pseudoparenchymic cortex 



(b) Thallus large-leaved; spores thick- 



walled or mucose 



(2) Paraphyses ramose and united; thallus 



crustose 



b. Spores 2-celled 



c. Spores x-celled 



(1) Thallus without cortex 



(a) Spermagonia present 



(b) Spermagonia lacking 



(2) Thallus with pseudoparenchymic cortex 



or pseudoparenchymic throughout 



d. Spores muriform 



(1) Thallus without cortex 



(2) Thallus with pseudoparenchymic cortex or 



pseudoparenchymic throughout 



C. Thallus with Scytonema or Stigonema 



1. Thallus crustose to scaly 



a. Thallus without cortex 



(1) Spores 1-celled 



(2) Spores x-celled 



b. Thallus with cortex above 



2. Thallus dwarf fruticose, much branched, dark 



a. Apothecia sunken in swellings of the thallus 



(1) Spores 1-celled; paraphyses present 



(2) Spores 2-3-celled; paraphyses lacking 



b. Apothecia superficial 



(1) Thallus without pseudoparenchymic cor- 



tex or central medulla 



(a) Paraphyses capitate, dark 



(b) Paraphyses not capitate 

 X. Asci 8-spored 



(x) Spores 1-celled, globose to ovoid 

 (y) Spores x-celled, acicular 

 y. Asci typically many-spored 



(2) Thallus with large-celled pseudoparen- 



chymic cortex and central medulla 



(a) Spores 1-celled 



(b) Spores 2-celled 



D. Thallus with Rivularia 



1. Apothecia disciform; thallus scaly to granular 



a. Apothecia lecideine; algae horizontal 



b. Apothecia lecanorine; algae erect 



Ramalodium 172 

 Koerberia 170 



Hormothecium 168 

 Arctomia 170 



Lempholemma 166 

 Lemmopsis 167 



Physma 167 



Gyrocollema 

 DicoUema 



CoUemis 168 

 CoUemodes 170 



Leptogiopsis 171 



CoUema 168; 29 



Leptogium 170; 29 

 Subfamily Ephebae 



Pterygiopsis 152 

 Petractis 145 

 Porocyphus 152 



Ephebeia 151 

 Ephebe 151; 29 



Spilonema 150 



Thermutis 150; 29 

 Trichobacidia 153 

 Zahlbrucknerella 150 



Leptogidium 152 

 Polychidium 152 

 Subfamily Lichinae 



Pterygium 161 

 Steinera 162 



