THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE SCIENCES 525 



actual perceptual experience. It is not to be taken as an 

 assertion that there is anything more inconceivable in the 

 genesis and extinction of organic life on many planets 

 than in the birth and death of many men. 



Non-recurring growth we speak of as History, and re- 

 curring growth as Biology in the narrower sense. Biology 

 falls into two main divisions : Botany, dealing with plant 

 life, and Zoology with animal life. 



Regarding the historical group of sciences, we may 

 treat generally of all life, and we then have branches of 

 science discussing the Evolution or Origin of Species 

 {Phylogeny, Pahwntology, etc.). More especially dealing 

 with man we have the Evolution or Descent of LI an. This 

 evolution may be considered in different phases, although 

 these phases cannot be kept absolutely apart and dis- 

 cussed quite independently. Thus we may ask how the 

 physique of man has developed, and find an answer in 

 the measurement of skulls, the comparison of skeletons 

 and prehistoric remains of the human form — in Craniology 

 and in Anthropology in its narrower sense. We may next 

 inquire how man's mental faculties have developed, and 

 seek knowledge in the history and structure of language, 

 in the evolution of man's mental products, or in Histories 

 of Philosophy, of Science, and of Art, etc. Lastly, we 

 may trace the evolution of social institutions, and see 

 instinctive gregarious habits developing into customs and 

 ultimately into laws and institutions. We may discuss 

 the origin of human dwellings, of human societies and 

 states. Here we seek aid from ArchcEology, Folklore, 

 Anthropology in its wider sense, and from Histories of 

 Customs, of Marriage, of Ownership, of Religions, and of 

 Laivs, etc. 



Next examining the recurring phases of growth or 

 Biology, we seek to describe the form and structure of the 

 various types of life, and thus reach the subject-matter of 

 those important branches of biology, termed Moiphology, 

 Histology, Anatomy, etc. Or we may deal more especially 

 with the growth and reproduction of living forms. We 

 want to describe the origin of the distinction between 



