A. HISTORY 

 1. HISTORICAL METHODS 



The best known of general treatises on historical methods are those of Bernheim 

 and Langlois-Seignobos: 



Ernst Bernheim (1850- ). Lehrbuch der historischen Methode (Leipzig 

 1889). Second edition 1894; third and fourth, 1903; fifth and sixth 1908. Photo- 

 graphic reprint 1914. I have used the fifth edition entitled Lehrbuch der his- 

 torischen Methode und der Geschichtsphilosophie. Mit Nachweis der wichtigsten 

 Quellen und Hilfsmittel zum Studium der Geschichte (852 p., Leipzig, Duncker & 

 Humblot, 1908). The book is divided into six parts: (1) Concept and essence of 

 historiography, (2) Methodology, (3) Knowledge of sources (heuristic), (4) 

 criticism, (5) Interpretation ( Auff assung ) , (6) Representation ( Darstellung ) , that 

 is, the final redaction. 



Charles Victor Langlois (1863-1929) and Charles Seignobos (1854-1942): 

 Introduction aux etudes historiques (Preface dated August 1897; first edition, Paris 

 1898). Second edition 1899, third 1905. I have before me an edition called the 

 fifth, undated, 1913 (?). English translation entitled Introduction to the study of 

 history, by G. G. Berry. First published, London 1898, reprinted 1907, 1912, 

 1925, 1926, 1932. 



The work is divided into three books. 7. Preliminary studies (search for docu- 

 ments, auxiliary sciences), II. Analytical operations (external and internal criticism), 

 1/7. Synthetic operations (construction, exposition). Two appendices concern the 

 teaching of history in the French high schools and universities. 



Ch. V. Langlois: Manuel de bibliographic historique. In two parts. The first 

 part was first published in Paris 1896, then again in 1901; the second part was first 

 published in 1904. The second edition of the first part and the first of the second 

 form a volume of 634 p. (Paris 1901-4). 



The first part deals with bibliographical tools, the second with the history and 

 organization of historical studies in various countries from the Renaissance to the 

 end of the nineteenth century. 



Note that the three works mentioned above cover two fields, and even three 

 fields, which are separate yet related in various ways (A) Historical methods and 

 philosophy of history, (B) Historical tools, (C) History of historiography. Bern- 

 heim covers A and B, Langlois and Seignobos A, Langlois B and C. 



Gilbert Joseph Garraghan (S.J.) : ( 1871- ) : A guide to historical method, 



edited by Jean Delanglez (S.J.) (546 p., Fordham University, New York 1946; 

 Isis 41, 139-43). Bound with it by the pubHsher is Livia Appel: Bibliographical 

 citation in the social sciences. A handbook of style (30 p.. University of Wisconsin, 

 Madison). The book of Father Garraghan and Delanglez is well documented 

 and full of examples; p. 427-31 contain a bibliography of historical method to 1939. 

 Miss Appel's supplement deals with "style," mechanical details of writing and 

 printing. These details are important but the less one fusses about them the 

 better; each student should learn them by himself, and nobody should bother to 

 teach him, certainly not in college; he ought to know them just as he ought to 

 know how to spell and how to blow his nose. 



Mile Louise Noelle Malcles is preparing a new bibliographic guide, Les 



