International Organization 255 



For a general account of UNESCO, see Jxjlian Huxley (its first director, from 

 1946 to 1948 incl. ) : UNESCO, its purpose and its philosophy ( 62 p. American 

 Council on Pubhc Affairs, 1947). For the UNESCO concern with history of sci- 

 ence, see Armando Cortesao: L'UNESCO, sa tache et son but concernant les 

 sciences et leur developpement historique (Archives 1, 211-21, 1947-48, reprinted 

 in Actes du Ve Congres, p. 25-35, 1948). 



The latest list of members of the Academy may be found in Archives ( 1, 188-204, 

 Oct. 1947). That list contains unfortunately many errors caused by lack of com- 

 munications in war time and post-war chaos. 



Latest constitution of the Academic (Archives 1, 142-45, Oct. 1947). 



At first, the members of the Academic were elected exclusively on the basis of 

 work done in the history of science, but it was soon recognized that on that basis 

 the great majority of the members would belong to a few leading countries where 

 studies in that field have been encouraged. Some restrictions were then introduced 

 in the rules in order to facilitate the election of members belonging to other countries, 

 yet that was not enough to insure the representation of every (UNESCO) country. 

 It is clear that if elections were arranged in such a way that every country were 

 represented, the intellectual level of the Academy would be degraded, and the 

 Academy would cease to be an Academy in the ordinary sense of the term ( a limited 

 group of men selected on the basis of individual merit). In order to solve that 

 dilemma a new international organization was created. L'Union Internationale d'his- 

 toire des Sciences was established in Paris in 1947, and its constitution may be 

 read in Archives (1, 145-46, 1947). 



The first article of the Academy's new constitution (1947) reads "The inter- 

 national organization of the study of the history of science includes two institutions 

 closely bound together, the International Academy and the International Union." 



According to other articles (2) the Academy is located in Paris, (3) it counts 

 50 effective and 100 corresponding members. A minimum number of places is 

 reserved for historians of science of countries which could not be represented other- 

 wise. 



According to the Union's constitution (1947), article 1, "The Union's purpose 

 is to cooperate directly with UNESCO and ICSU, in the field of the history of sci- 

 ence," article 2. "The Union recognizes the Academy as the directive organ of its 

 scientific activity." 



The Academy organizes international congresses, the meetings of which have 

 taken place as follows. For each meeting we indicate the corresponding publica- 

 tion, and name the President. In each case, the President of the Academy was ipso 

 facto the president of the congress. 



1.1929: Paris, 20-25 May. President: GiNO Loria of Genoa. Accounts in 

 Archeion, vol. II, p. i-cix, 1929. 



11.1931: London, 30 June-4 July. President: Charles Singer of London. 

 Accounts in Archeion, vols. 13-14. An English translation of the Russian papers 

 was pubhshed in book form. Science at the Cross Roads (London, Kniga, 1931; 

 Isis 20, 591, 535). 



III. 1934: Porto and Coimbra, 30 Sept. -6 Oct. President: Karl Sudhoff of 

 Leipzig, who was not able to come. The acting president was George Sarton of 

 Cambridge, Massachusetts. Accounts in Archeion 16, 335-72, 1934. Congres du 

 Portugal. Actes, conferences et communications (xlix-|-462 p., pi., maps, Lisboa 

 1936; Isis 28, 135-38). 



IV.1937: Praha (Prague). 22-27 Sept. President: Quroo Vetter of Prague. 

 Accounts in Archeion (vol. 19, 390-96). 



V.1947: Lausanne. 30 Sept. -6 Oct. President: Arnold Reymond of Lausanne. 

 Actes du Ve Congres, in Collection de travaux de I'Academie (no. 2, 288 p.. 

 Academic, also Hermann, Paris 1948). The papers reprinted in the Actes were 

 first printed in the Archives. 



VI. 1950: Amsterdam. August 1950. President: P. Sergescu of Paris. The 

 Proceedings will be published in 1951. 



At the VI. International Congress of the History of Science (Amsterdam, August 



