292 International Congresses 



The following congresses began in the nineteenth century (but some of them 

 did not continue until now): 



1853 Statistics 1875 Americanism 



1857 Ophthalmology 1878 Geology 



1860 Chemistry 1884 Ornithology 



1863 Veterinary Art 1889 Folklore 



1864 Botany 1889 Photography 



1865 Pharmacy 1889 Physiology 



1866 Prehistory 1889 Psychology 



1867 Architecture 1889 Zoology 

 1867 Medicine 1897 Mathematics 

 1871 Geography 1900 History 

 1873 Orientalism 1900 Philosophy "» 



1873 History of Art 1900 History of Religions "* 



The titles of congresses are generally given in many languages, but even in any 

 one language they vary from time to time;"^ in the list below we do not try to give 

 exact titles but simply indicate the general subject ( chemistry, medicine, etc. ) , and 

 the congresses are listed for the reader's convenience in alphabetical order of those 

 subjects. The names of cities are generally given in English; to give them in the 

 language of each country would have caused difficulties (even typographical ones, 

 in the case of Copenhagen). 



No attempt has been made to mention the official publications of each congress, 

 for that would extend our hst considerably. When the reader knows that a con- 

 gress of physiology took place say, in Cambridge 1898, he may take for granted 

 that the proceedings were actually pubfished within a few years, and he will trace 

 them without too much trouble in the catalogue of any large library. He may 

 find bibliographical references also in International congresses and conferences 

 1840-1937. Union list, edited by Winifred Gregory (folio 229 p., New York, 

 Wilson 1938), or more briefly in the hst compiled for the Army Medical Library by 

 Claudius F. Mayer: Congresses. Tentative chronological and bibliographical 

 reference hst of national and international meetings of physicians, scientists and 

 experts (288 p., Index-Catalogue, 2nd Suppt., 4th series, Washington 1938; First 

 addition, p. 29-51, Index-Catalogue, vol. 3, 4th series). 



The following list is restricted to only a few international congresses, those 

 which are the most interesting for historians of science. 



The publications of those congresses contain a large number of papers concern- 

 ing our studies, which are somewhat forgotten (as are the papers published in 

 Festschriften ) ; at any rate, they cannot be as well known as the papers published 

 in jovunals devoted to the history of science. It would be worthwhile to compile 

 a bibliography of them and thus rescue them from oblivion and integrate them in 

 the general bibhography of the history of science. 



As the congresses are listed below for the student's convenience in alphabetical 

 order, a methodical classification of them will be useful (the capitalized word deter- 

 mines the alphabetical order ) : 



I. Mathematics 



II. Physical sciences: Astronomy, applied Mechanics, Crystallography, Chemistry, Biochem- 

 istry. Geodesy and geophysics, Geography, Geology. Photography. Architecture. Weights and 

 measures. Chronometry. 



III. Natural sciences: Botany, Zoology, Entomology, Ornithology. 



IV. Medical sciences: Anatomy, Physiology, Medicine, Siu-gery, Ophthalmology, Pharmacy, 

 Veterinary medicine. 



V. Anthropology and archaeology: Anthropology and ethnology, prehistoric Anthropology 

 and archaeology. Archaeology and history. Prehistory and protohistory. Americanism. Folklore. 



^^8 Including the first congress of the history of science. 



11* The inception of so many congresses in 1889 and 1900 was caused by the International 

 Fairs held in Paris in those years. The three congresses of 1900 took place in Paris, as well 

 as four of 1889 (the congress of physiology, however, began in that year not in Paris but in 

 Basel). 



1^5 E.g., some congresses of the history of medicine were called in French Congres de I'histoire 

 de Part de guerir! The effort to preserve those subtleties in our list would distract the reader 

 instead of helping him. 



