110 THE HOUSE FLY—DISEASE CARRIER 
print. Germination experiments showed that spores 
carried about in this way, if deposited in suitable loca¬ 
tions, will germinate, and therefore the fungus may 
sometimes be spread in this way. 
Other work of this kind, but devoted to specific dis¬ 
ease germs, will be mentioned under the different dis¬ 
eases in the following pages. But in order perhaps to 
remove at once the impression which may be left by the 
cautious words of Doctor Graham-Smith, we may read 
the conclusions of Professor Nuttall and Mr. Jepson, 
of Cambridge University, England (1909), both in¬ 
vestigators of the highest type, after their critical exam¬ 
ination of the accounts of experiments made in this 
direction: 
“Although there were some who at a very early date 
looked upon the common house fly with suspicion, it is 
only of recent years that ‘flies’ have come to be regarded 
as a serious factor in the spread of infective diseases. 
“The evidence we have sifted and ordered in these 
pages is obviously very unequal in value, the most im¬ 
portant relating to cholera and typhoid fever —in both 
cases the evidence incriminating house flies, of which 
Musca domestica may be regarded as the type, appears 
to be quite conclusive, and these agents will have to 
henceforth receive the serious attention they demand 
at the hands of sanitary authorities. From a practical 
point of view, it scarcely appears necessary to charge 
the house fly with more misdoings, bacteriological tests 
having shown that they are capable of taking up a 
number of different pathogenic germs and of transport- 
