112 THE HOUSE FLY—DISEASE CARRIER 
Historical Study.” This paper has been of the greatest 
use to physicians and to naturalists, and few general 
articles on this subject have been written in the last 
ten years without the freest use of the data collected by 
Doctor Nuttall. In many cases writers have gone to 
original sources, but it is safe to say that for the most 
part they have learned of these original sources through 
Doctor Nuttall’s bibliography. The writer, among 
others, in the numerous papers he has published on this 
general subject during the years since 1900, has had 
constant occasion to refer to this paper, and gladly ex¬ 
presses his obligations to its author. 
More recently (1909), Doctor Nuttall (now of Cam¬ 
bridge University, England) in collaboration with Mr. 
Jepson, of Cambridge, has published a series of ab¬ 
stracts of literature and a bibliography relating solely 
to the carriage of disease by the house fly and allied 
non-biting flies, which has been freely used in this book 
and will be later referred to simply by references to 
Nuttall and Jepson. 
Typhoid or Enteric Fever 
Typhoid fever is a disease which has been differen¬ 
tiated from other fevers and especially from typhus 
within the last eighty years. It is a disease of civiliza¬ 
tion, or rather, as Doctor Sedgwick has beautifully 
expressed it, “a disease of defective civilization.” It 
depends upon defective sanitation, and surely, as Sedg¬ 
wick says, defective sanitation means defective civiliza¬ 
tion. 
