CARRIAGE OF DISEASE 
123 
he had no further trouble. Does it not at once occur 
to the reader that to almost every American this ob¬ 
jectionable term might with justice be applied? 
Any quantity of inferential proof continues to ac¬ 
cumulate. The Merchants’ Association of New York 
has accumulated the opinions of many health officers 
and physicians as well as of entomologists and has pub¬ 
lished them in convincing form. At the December, 
1910, meeting of the American Association for the Ad¬ 
vancement of Science, at Minneapolis, Prof. F. L. 
Washburn gave a lecture entitled “The Typhoid Fly 
on the Minnesota Iron Range,” in which he gave the 
results of a careful study of the conditions in certain 
mining towns in that State during the summer of 1910, 
in which the conditions were such as to make it 
perfectly plain that the main etiological factor in 
the typhoid epidemic then existing was Musca domes- 
tica. 
The length of time that the typhoid bacillus will live 
in various substances from which it is likely to be car¬ 
ried by flies to food substances is important and has 
received some consideration. The length of time in 
which the bacillus will live in food substances, how¬ 
ever, is even more deserving of consideration. Milk, 
commonly charged with the carriage of typhoid fever, 
is hardly of the greatest importance in this connection, 
since milk is such a short-lived food substance itself, 
although it is often contaminated with typhoid bacilli 
through the washing of the vessels which contain it 
