166 THE HOUSE FLY—DISEASE CARRIER 
in many of the West Indian Islands, in Ceylon, Java, 
in Fiji, and Samoa, and other Pacific islands. It oc¬ 
curs in China, but is rare there. It is highly contagious, 
but simple contact of the skin is not sufficient—an 
abraded surface is necessary. Sir Patrick Manson says 
that probably the virus is often conveyed by insect bites 
or by insects acting as go-betweens and carrying it from 
a A'aw sore to an ordinary ulcer; thus the disease often 
commences in a pre-existing ulcer. It is neither hered¬ 
itary nor congenital. 
Prof. E. W. Gudger, of the State Normal College 
at Greensboro, N. C., has called attention to a very 
early idea as to the carriage of yaws by flies, on pages 
385 to 386 of Dr. Edward Bancroft’s “An Essay on 
the Natural History of Guiana in South America,” 
published in London in 1769. Doctor Bancroft writes, 
“The yaws are spongy, fungous, yellowish, circular pro¬ 
tuberances, not rising very high, but of different mag¬ 
nitudes, usually between one and three inches circum¬ 
ference. These infest the whole surface of the body 
and are commonly so contiguous that the end of the 
finger cannot be inserted between them, and a small 
quantity of yellowish pus is usually seen adhering to 
their surface, which is commonly covered with flies 
through the indolence of the negroes. * * * It is 
usually believed that this disorder is communicated by 
the flies which have been feasting on the diseased ob¬ 
ject to those persons who have sores or scratches which 
are uncovered; and from many observations I think 
this is not improbable, as none ever receive this dis- 
