202 THE HOUSE FLY—DISEASE CARRIER 
removed at least once a week, although from all points 
of view aside from that of convenience a removal and 
spreading every day would be better. 
The writer has for some years advised that stables 
should be fitted with fly-tight pits or closets into which 
the daily manure may be shoveled, and which at the 
same time should be arranged conveniently for taking 
the manure away at intervals of a week. In his first 
experiment with the old stables of the U. S. Depart¬ 
ment of Agriculture he utilized a corner closet with 
a door opening into the stable. An outside door was 
cut through the wall, and the place was ventilated with 
screened apertures. The daily manure was shoveled 
in, and conveniently removed into carts, through the 
outside door at the week end. And at a large country 
club, during the summer of 1910, he advised the build¬ 
ing of a manure pit in a convenient side hill; the top 
of the pit being near the stable and at a much higher 
elevation than the other end of the pit, which was so 
situated that a cart could be driven before it, the door 
opened, and the manure readily shoveled out. 
The regulations of the District of Columbia provide 
simply for a covered receptacle, and it has been found 
that a tight-covered barrel answers the purpose for a 
one-horse stable. 
In Berkeley, California, according to Herms (1910), 
at such stables a simple galvanized iron-garbage can 
has been found very useful and convenient, or even a 
tight barrel covered with a tightly fitting lid. In Berk¬ 
eley the contents of these receptacles are removed once 
