PREVIOUS CRUISES AND PURPOSES OF CRUISE VII 



3 



culprit, "if his life be spared, must be punished by having the 

 hand which he most uses fastened by a dagger thrust through it 

 to the mast, to be withdrawn only by tearing it free." 



Early experiences with the compass soon showed that it was 

 necessary to know the angle by which the geographical north dif- 

 fered from the north as indicated by the needle, that is, the mag- 



The Scientific Staff aboard the Carnegie 



(Front row, left to right: W. C. Parkinson, senior scientific oflBcer; Captain J. P. 

 Ault, commander and chief of scientific staff; J. H. Paul, surgeon and observer; back row, 

 left to right: F. M. Soule, electrical expert; L. A. Jones, radio operator and observer; W. 

 E. Scott, navigator and commissary; H. R. Seiwell, chemist and biologist; O. W. Torreson, 

 navigator and executive officer.) 



netic declination or variation. This was the beginning of the 

 science of terrestrial magnetism. One of the earliest methods for 

 finding this angle was to take bearings of the Sun as it rose and 

 set, the mid-point being true south. It was a modification of 

 this method which was used throughout the cruises of the Carnegie. 

 So far, onlv the declination had been discovered. In 1576 



