78. Lopadiopsis ] 23. GYALECTACEAE 137 



a thick, swollen, irregular, thalloid one; spores 2-4 or rarely 8, ellipsoid to oblong- 

 ellipsoid, 5-7- or rarely 9-septate transversely and 1-3-septate longitudinally, 31-50 

 X 13-20 /x. 



On soil and rocks, South Dakota, Iowa, and California. 



3. Urceolaria actinostoma Pers., in Ach., Lich. Univ. 288. 1810. 



Diploschistes actinostomus (Pers.) Zahlbr. 



Thallus thin to somewhat thick, composed of minute to small, smooth to 

 rough and finally wartlike, greenish gray to grayish or ashy white areoles; apothecia 

 minute to small, 0.2-0.5 mm. across, immersed 1-several in an areole, the disk 

 black, opened by a pore to becoming concave, the proper exciple thick, black or 

 grayish pruinose, radiately striate, rarely surrounded by a thin thalloid one; spores 

 8, brownish to brown, ovoid-ellipsoid, 4-5-septate transversely and 1-2-septate 

 longitudinally, 18-28 X 11-18 /x. 



On rocks and rarely on soil, Connecticut, North Carolina, South Carolina, 

 Florida, Kansas, Minnesota, Iowa, Washington, and California. 



22. ECTOLECHIACEAE 



Thallus crustose, showing little or no differentiation, attached to the substratum 

 by hyphal rhizoids; apothecia round, immersed to superficial, the exciple usually 

 wanting or poorly developed. 



The algal host is Protococcus. 



78. Lopadiopsis Vainio, Journ. Bot. 34:205. 1896. 



Thallus crustose, thin, smooth to slightly rough, round to irregular, devoid of 

 differentiation into layers and attached to the substratum by hyphal rhizoids; 

 apothecia minute to small, round, immersed to adnate, the disk flat, the exciple 

 colored like the thallus, somewhat prominent; hypothecium and hymenium hyaline; 

 paraphyses unbranched, threadlike, free; asci ovoid-clavate ; spores 1-2, hyaline, 

 transversely and longitudinally septate. 



The algal host is Protococcus. 



1. Lopadiopsis floridana Zahlbr., Ann. Myc. 7:473, 474. 1909. 



Thallus in minute to small, round to irregular areas, closely adnate, very thin, 

 becoming rough toward the center, sometimes radiate toward the margin, pale 

 greenish gray to silvery -white ; apothecia minute, 0.18-0.24 mm. across, solitary or 

 2-3 in each thalloid area, immersed to adnate, the disk flat, brown, rarely whitish- 

 pruinose, the exciple thin, entire, prominent, colored like the thallus; spores 1, 

 hyaline, oblong-ellipsoid, 15-1 9-septate transversely and 2-5- or rarely 7-septate 

 longitudinally, 50-70 X 18-28/;,. 



On leaves, Florida. 



The algal host was found to be Phyllactidium instead of the usual Protococcus. 



23. GYALECTACEAE 



Thallus crustose, with entire or lobed margins, devoid of differentiation into 

 layers, attached to the substratum by hyphal rhizoids; apothecia round, immersed 

 to superficial, single, the proper exciple usually well developed, sometimes covered 

 by the thallus. 



The algal hosts are Trentepohlia, Phyllactidium, and rarely Scytonema. 



A. Spores 12-many in each ascus 



B. Spores 1-septate 82. Ramonia 



B. Spores 3-several-septate 83. Pachyphiale 



A. Spores 8 in each ascus 



B. Spores transversely septate 



C. Spores 1-septate 79. Microphialk 



C. Spores 3-several-septate 81. Secoliga 



B. Spores transversely and longitudinally septate 80. Gyalecta 



