244 34. CLADONIACEAE [ 132. Cladonia 



branching, with or without cups, with or without squamules, often bearing sec- 

 ondary and tertiary podetia, corticate or decorticate and sorediate, the cortex when 

 present continuous, warty, areolate, or scattered-areolate; apothecia of various 

 sizes, forms, and arrangement, terminal on the podetia or on their cups or branches, 

 or on short apothecial stalks, the disk commonly flat to convex, scarlet or brown, 

 the exciple thin and soon disappearing; hymenium above colored like the disk 

 and hyaline below; hypothecium hyaline; paraphyses rarely branched; asci clavate 

 or cylindrico-clavate, with the apical wall almost uniformly more or less thick- 

 ened; spores 8, hyaline, ellipsoid, non-septate, 6-24 X 2—4.5 ju.. 

 The algal host is Pleurococcus. 



A. Primary thallus crustose, persistent or evanescent Section 1 



A. Primary thallus granulose or squamulose, usually persistent 



B. Apothecia scarlet Section 2 



B. Apothecia brown Section 3 



SECTION 1 



A. Primary thallus persistent; podetia very small 5. CI. papillaria 



A. Primary thallus evanescent; podetia large 



B. Podetia greenish gray to grayish brown, large 1. CI. rangiferina 



B. Podetia straw-colored or whitish, smaller 



C. Podetia loosely branched, the tips usually nodding 

 D. Podetia densely cobwebby-tomentose, especially 



toward the tips 2. CI. sylvatica sylvestris 



D. Podetia decorticate and somewhat powdery 



but not tomentose 2. CI. sylvatica 



C. Podetia repeatedly branched, the tips erect 



D. Podetia repeatedly much-branched; southern . . . .3. CI. pycnoclada 

 D. Podetia radiately branched ; northern 4. CI. alpestris 



SECTION 2 

 A. Cups present and usually well developed 

 B. Cups broad, short relative to width 



C. Cups sorediate or granulose, at least above 



D. Primary squamules minute, white, often granulose ... 13. CI. Ravenelii 

 D. Primary squamules small to middle-sized, greenish 12. CI. coccifera pleurota 

 C. Cups not sorediate 



D. Proliferations in part from the diaphragm of the 



cup, podetia elongated 12. CI. coccifera asotea 



D. Proliferations from the margin of the cup, podetia 



abruptly or gradually dilated 12. CI. coccifera 



B. Cups narrow, long relative to width 



C. Podetia corticate, often squamulose 15. CI. bellidiflora 



C. Podetia decorticate, at least in part 



D. Podetia slender, whitish, granulose-sorediate ... 10. CI. flabelliformis 

 D. Podetia stouter, greenish-yellow, farinose-sorediate 



E. Podetia commonly branched', KOH plus 11. CI. digitata 



E. Podetia commonly simple, KOH minus 14. CI. deformis 



A. Cups lacking, the podetia subulate or branched, abortive or absent 

 B. Podetia very short or lacking 



C. Apothecia seated on the minute, white squamules 13. CI. Ravenelii epiphylla 

 C. Apothecia usually on short podetia, the squamules 

 larger, yellowish green 



D. Squamules sorediate 16. CI. cristatella paludicola 



D. Squamules not sorediate 



E. Podetia densely squamulose 16. CI. cristatella densissima 



E. Podetia without squamules 17. CI. abbreviatula 



B. Podetia usually well developed 



C. Podetia repeatedly branched 18. CI. leporina 



C. Podetia simple or sparingly branched above 



D. Podetia usually sorediate, simple or rarely branched 



E. Podetia rarely branched, KOH minus 7. CI. bacillaris 



E. Podetia more often branched above 



F. Primary thallus rarely persistent ; podetia 



slender, KOH plus 8. CI. macilenta 



