132. Cladonia] 34. CLADONIACEAE 249 



the cortex scattered or decorticate and somewhat powdery; apothecia small to 

 middle-sized, 0.5-1.2 mm. across, solitary or clustered at the apices of the branches, 

 the disk depressed-convex, brown to rarely brick-red. 

 On soil, throughout the United States. 



var. sylvestris (Oed.) Vainio, Act. Soc. Faun. Flor. Fenn. 4:20-32. 1887. 

 Lichen rangijerinus var. sylvestris Oed., Fl. Dan. 3:28. pi. 539. 1770. Ceno- 

 myce sylvatica var. laxiuscula Del. Cenomyce sylvatica var. morbida Del. 

 CI. squarrosa (Wallr.) Flot. CI. tenuis (Floerke) Harm. CI. mitis Sandst. 

 Podetia commonly slender, smooth, densely cobwebby-tomentose, especially 

 toward the tips of the branches. 



On soil, from New England to Florida, and westward to Iowa and Minnesota. 



3. Cladonia pycnoclada (Gaudich.) Nyl., Lich. Nov. Zel. 244. 1866. 



Cenomyce pycnoclada Gaudich., Ann. Sci. Nat. 5:97. 1825. CI. pycnoclada var. 

 exalbescens Vainio. CI. pycnoclada var. flavida Vainio. CI. rangiferina f. 

 minor Harm. 



Primary thallus rarely persistent, when present, subglobose, scattered or clus- 

 tered, straw-colored to yellowish warts forming a thin crust; podetia arising from 

 branches or loose fragments of dying podetia or rarely from the primary thallus, 

 dying at the base, cylindrical to subcylindrical, cupless, somewhat dilated at axils, 

 repeatedly much-branched, the axils often perforate, upper branches then short 

 and closely aggregated, often subarachnoid, with pointed, sometimes brownish 

 apices, decorticate or all or lower part warty, straw-colored to whitish or yellowish 

 straw-colored to greenish gray or ashy white; apothecia rare and small, 0.3-0.7 mm. 

 across, solitary or somewhat clustered on the apices of branches, the disk flat to 

 convex, brown or brick red. 



On soil, Florida. 



4. Cladonia alpestris (L.) Rabenh., Clad. Eur. Exsicc. pi. 39. no. 11. 1860. 

 Lichen rangijeriniis var. alpestris L., Sp. PI. 1153. 1753. 



Primary thallus crustose, dying soon, composed of delicate, medium-sized, sub- 

 globose or irregular, clustered or scattered, straw-colored warts; podetia arising 

 from the primary thallus, from old or dying podetia, of medium length, sub- 

 cylindrical, radiately branched, 1 or more branches becoming larger and erect, 

 commonly decorticate, rarely somewhat sorediate, the upper branches short, the 

 apices radiately spinose, mostly straight, clustered, erect, colored like the primary 

 thallus, cupless; apothecia small, 0.3-0.5 mm. across, rare, solitary, clustered, or 

 confluent on the apices of the branches, the disk convex, light to darker brown. 



On soil, rarely on wood, throughout the United States. Smaller toward the south. 



5. Cladonia papillaria (Ehrh.) Hoffm., Deutschl. Fl. 2:117. 1796. 



Lichen papillaria Ehrh., Phyt. Ehrh. no. 100. 1780. CI . papillaria f. molariformh 

 (Hoffm.) Schaer. 



Primary thallus persistent or finally dying, composed of small, contiguous or 

 confluent, subglobose or depressed-convex, irregular warts, white to ashy white 

 or greenish; podetia arising from the primary thallus, short and subglobose to 

 cylindrical and club-shaped or irregularly swollen about the axils, cupless, more or 

 less branched, the branches papillaeform or short, and suberect to diverging, clus- 

 tered or crowded into clumps, the sides smooth or warty, colored like the primary 

 thallus; apothecia small, 0.3-0.7 mm. across, clustered or heaped on the apices 

 of podetia, the disk flat to convex, reddish brown. 



On sandy or gravelly soil, throughout eastern United States and westward to 

 Ohio. 



6. Cladonia Floerkeana (E. Fries) Sommerf., Suppl. Fl. Lapp. 128. 1826. 

 Cenomyce Floerkeana E. Fries, Sched. Crit. Lich. Exsicc. Suec. fasc. 3. 18. 1824. 

 Primary thallus commonly persistent, composed of small to middle-sized, 



laciniate or incised and crenate, commonly flat to somewhat inward-rolled, scattered 



