250 34. CLADONIACEAE [ 132. Cladonia 



or clustered and clumped, greenish gray to ashy or olive-green squamules; white 

 below or becoming yellowish and darker toward the base, rarely sorediate at the 

 margin and below; podetia arising from the primary thallus, erect, subcylindrical 

 or somewhat top-shaped, commonly rather slender and cupless, broader or branched 

 toward the apex, the branches short, obtuse, often sorediate or coralloid-squamu- 

 lose. usually terminated by perfect or imperfect apothecia, rarely by imperfect cups, 

 the lower part of all corticate, ashy green to greenish brown or these colors varie- 

 gated; apothecia middle-sized, 1-2.5 mm. across, solitary or rarely aggregate, the 

 disk flat to convex, scarlet to reddish brown. 



On soil, New Hampshire, Florida, and Wisconsin. 



7. Cladonia bacillaris (Del.) Nyl., Lich. Lapp. 179. 1866. 



Cenomyce bacillaris Del., in Duby, Bot. Gall. ed. 2. 2:634. 1830. CI. bacillaris f. 

 clavata (Ach.) Vainio. 



Primary thallus persistent or rarely dying, composed of middle-sized, laciniate- 

 lobate or crenate, flat or ascending, scattered or clustered, greenish gray to olive- 

 green squamules; whitish and sometimes sorediate below, or turning darker 

 toward the base of the squamules; podetia arising from the primary thallus, slen- 

 der, subcylindrical, sorediate, rarely enlarged at the apex, cupless or infrequently 

 bearing imperfect cups, rarely branched, often sterile or terminated by imperforate, 

 solitary or clustered apothecia, erect, corticate toward the base and below the 

 apothecia, colored like the primary thallus; apothecia middle-sized, 1-4 mm. across, 

 solitary or clustered, the disk commonly convex, scarlet. 



On old stumps and logs, rarely on earth, New Hampshire, New York, Minne- 

 sota, Washington, and California. 



8. Cladonia macilenta Hoffm., Deutschl. Fl. 2:126. 1795. 



Primary thallus persistent or finally dying, composed of small to middle-sized, 

 laciniate, lobed-laciniate, crenate, or subentire, flat or somewhat inward-rolled, 

 scattered or clustered, greenish gray to whitish or greenish squamules; white below 

 or darker or rarely yellow toward the base; podetia arising from the primary 

 thallus, short or somewhat elongated, rather slender, subcylindrical or club-shaped, 

 cupless, often somewhat branched, the apices obtuse or impressed, sterile or termi- 

 nated by apothecia, erect, sorediate, squamulose toward the base or rarely through- 

 out, often corticate toward the base and below the apothecia, whitish to greenish 

 gray; apothecia small to middle-sized, 0.5-2.5 mm. across, solitary or clustered on 

 the apices of the podetia, the disk convex, scarlet. 



On soil or rotten wood, throughout the United States. 



9. Cladonia didyma (Fee) Vainio, Act. Soc. Faun. Flor. Fenn. 4:137. 1887. 

 Scyphophorus didymus Fee, Essai Crypt. Intro. 98. pi. 3, f. 13. 1824. CI. didyma 



var. muscigena (Eschw.) Vainio. CI. pidchella Schwein. 



Primary thallus rarely persistent, composed of middle-sized, laciniate, incised, 

 or crenate, flat or somewhat inward-rolled, scattered or clustered, greenish gray 

 to olive-green or whitish squamules; white below or turning yellowish or darker 

 toward the base; podetia arising from the primary thallus, cylindrical, cupless, 

 becoming branched, the branches erect or diverging, aggregate or subsolitary, soredi- 

 ate, granulose or minutely squamulose, rarely corticate toward the base, greenish 

 brown to whitish; apothecia small to middle-sized, 0.3-2.5 mm. across, solitary or 

 clustered and conglomerate on the apices of the podetia, the disk convex, scarlet. 



On old wood, from Maine to Florida, and westward to Texas and Nebraska. 



10. Cladonia flabelliformis (Floerke) Vainio, Act. Soc. Faun. Fenn. 4:113-16. 



1887. 

 Capitularia flabelliformis Floerke, Mag. Ges. Naturf. Freunde. Berlin 2:21b. 



1808. 

 Primary thallus commonly persistent, composed of small to middle-sized, 

 laciniate, incised or lobed, flat or somewhat inward-rolled, scattered or crowded, 



