132. Cladonia ] 34. CLADONIACEAE 251 



greenish gray to pale greenish squamules; white and rarely sorediate below or 

 turning darker toward the base; podetia arising from the primary thallus, com- 

 monly top-shaped, solitary or crowded and clustered, the lower part corticate, 

 rarely squamulose, colored like the primary thallus; cups narrow, gradually dilated, 

 rather regular, the margins subentire to radiate and sometimes one or more times 

 proliferate, the cavity sorediate or rarely corticate; apothecia middle-sized, 1-2.5 

 mm. across, borne on the margins or on the proliferations of the cups, solitary or 

 clustered, the disk convex, scarlet. 

 On old wood, California. 



11. Cladonia digitata Hoffm., Deutschl. Fl. 2:124,125. 1796. 



Primary thallus persistent or finally dying, composed of lobed or incised, 

 middle-sized, flat or inward-rolled, scattered or clustered, greenish gray to rarely 

 greenish squamules; white and often sorediate below, dull or yellowish toward the 

 base; podetia arising from the primary thallus, rather short, cylindrical, rarely 

 cupless, erect or ascending, commonly branched, the upper part sorediate, the lower 

 part and sometimes the whole covered with a continuous cortex, whitish to yellow- 

 ish or greenish gray; cups middle-sized, abruptly dilated, regular to irregular, the 

 margin somewhat curved, subentire, dentate, radiate, or proliferate; apothecia small 

 to middle-sized, 0.5-5 mm. across, solitary or clustered on the apices of the pro- 

 liferations, or rarely on the margin of the cups, the disk convex, scarlet. 



On old logs and stumps, northern United States. 



12. Cladonia coccifera (L.) Willd., Fl. Berol. Prodr. 361. 1787. 



Lichen cocciferus L., Sp. PI. 1151. 1753. Cl.cornucopioid.es (L.) E. Fries. CI. 

 coccifera var. ochrocarpia Floerke. CI. coccifera var. stemmatina Ach. CI. 

 coccifera f . phyllocoma Floerke. 



Primary thallus usually persistent, composed of irregularly incised, crenate or 

 lobate, small or larger, flat or somewhat inward-rolled, clustered or scattered, 

 light to reddish or greenish gray squamules; whitish below or yellowish toward the 

 base, rarely sorediate below and at the margins; podetia arising from the primary 

 thallus, short, cylindrical, hollow, erect, corticate, the cortex subcontinuous or 

 areolate, colored like the primary thallus, rarely squamulose; cups gradually or 

 abruptly dilated, 1-4 proliferations from a cup, bearing cups or apothecia; apothe- 

 cia middle-sized to large, 1-6 mm. across, clustered or solitary, the disk depressed- 

 convex to convex, scarlet. 



On soil, over rocks, and rarely on old wood, throughout the United States, 

 var. asotea (Ach.) Arm, Flora 67:81. 1884. 



Baeomyces cocciferus var. asoteus Ach., Meth. Lich. 332. 1803. 



Podetia elongated, tubular, destitute of squamules, the cortex areolate or warty, 

 scattered, or continuous toward the base; cups large, gradually dilated, the margin 

 becoming proliferate; apothecia commonly stalked, the disk convex. 



On soil, Massachusetts and Washington. 



var. pleurota (Floerke) Schaer., Lich. Helv. Spic. 1:25. 1823. 

 Capitularia pleurota Floerke, Ges. Nat. Freund. Mag. 2:218. 1808. CI. cornu- 



copioides var. pleurota (Floerke) Nyl. 

 Squamules of the primary thallus sometimes sorediate below and along the 

 margin; podetia corticate below, but upper part more or less decorticate and 

 sorediate. 



On soil, throughout northern United States. 



13. Cladonia Ravenelii Tuck., Syn. N. A. Lich. 1:254, 255. 1882. 

 CI. Ravenelii f. simplex Merrill. CI. Ravenelii f . bractiata Merrill. 



Primary thallus composed of very minute, disk-shaped, subentire to finely torn- 

 laciniate, white squamules, often breaking down to form granules; podetia small, 

 short, cylindrical to more or less top-shaped, the cortex usually continuous, smooth 

 to granulose or granulose-warty, greenish gray to more commonly yellowish green 

 or whitish, rarely branched and usually cup-bearing; cups dilated, for the most 



