132. CLadonia] 34. CLADONIACEAE 253 



surpassing 3 or 4 mm. in length, densely covered with squamules, the basal ones 

 of ordinary size and the upper ones reduced and sometimes passing into wartlike 

 bodies toward the apex; apothecia minute, 0.1-0.4 mm. across, mostly grouped at 

 the apex of the podetia but sometimes occurring on the sides as well and sometimes 

 even seated on squamules of the primary thallus. 

 On top of fence post, near Oxford, Ohio. 



17. Cladonia abbreviatula Merrill, Bryologist 2 7:21. 1924. 



Primary thallus persistent, composed of small, at first round, then crenate, 

 lobulate, or dissected, imbricate, usually ascending, greenish yellow squamules; 

 white below; podetia arising from the primary squamules, very short, 0.5 mm. or 

 less in length, sometimes almost lacking, erect, cylindrical or enlarged toward the 

 apex, cupless, unbranched or branched at the apex, cortex continuous, smooth, 

 colored like the primary thallus; apothecia very small, 0.1-0.15 mm. across, solitary, 

 the disk convex, scarlet. 



On soil or over wood, Sanford, Florida. 



18. Cladonia leporina E. Fries, Lich. Eur. 243. 1831. 



Primary thallus rarely persistent, composed of small, somewhat outward-rolled, 

 narrowly lobed, greenish gray squamules; white below; podetia arising from the 

 primary thallus or from fragments of old podetia, subcylindrical, swollen, often 

 wrinkled, cupless, subdichotomously or irregularly much-branched, the branches 

 spreading, the axils often open, clustered and entangled, suberect or ascending, 

 rarely curved or flexuous, the cortex continuous to fissured, yellowish or greenish 

 gray to pale straw-colored; apothecia small to middle-sized, 0.7-1.5 mm. across, 

 subsolitary or clustered on the apices of branches, the disk more or less convex, 

 scarlet. 



On soil, from New Jersey to Florida, and westward to Texas and Arkansas. 



19. Cladonia amaurocraea (Floerke) Schaer., Lich. Helv. Spic. 1:34. 1823. 

 Capitularia amaurocraea Floerke, in Web. & Mohr., Beitr. Naturk. 2:334. 1810. 

 Primary thallus composed of small, crenate or digitately incised, clustered or 



scattered, ascending or flat, greenish gray, rarely persistent squamules; white 

 below; podetia arising from branches or fragments of dying podetia, or rarely 

 from the surface of the primary thallus, dying at the base, cupless and subcylindri- 

 cal or cup-bearing, dichotomously, radiately, or irregularly branched, the axils 

 closed or perforate, the branches divaricate, forming clusters, erect, ascending, 

 or prostrate, the cortex continuous or areolate and frequently scattered, smooth 

 or the areoles elevated, straw-gold-colored or greenish gray, the apices straight, 

 usually brownish; cups commonly abrupted, dilated, regular or oblique, margin 

 spinulose and proliferate; apothecia middle-sized, 0.7-3.5 mm. across, solitary or 

 clustered at the apices of the podetia, the disk flat to convex, brown to brick-red 

 or lighter. 



On soil, throughout the United States. 



20. Cladonia uncialis (L.) Hoffm., Deutschl. Fl. 2:117. 1796. 



Lichen uncialis L., Sp. PI. 1153. 1753. CI. uncialis f. adunca (Ach.) Flot. CI. 

 uncialis f. dicraea (Ach.) Scriba. CI. uncialis f. soraligera Robb. 



Primary thallus rarely present, composed of small, crenate or incised, ascending 

 or flat, scattered or clustered, greenish gray to straw-colored squamules with con- 

 tinuous cortex; white below; podetia arising from branches or fragments of dying 

 podetia or rarely from the primary thallus, dying at the base, subcylindrical, 

 cupless, but the apices frequently dilated and somewhat cup-shaped, dichotomously^ 

 sympodially, or radiately branched, densely crowded and clustered, erect or rarely 

 prostrate, the axils mostly perforate, the cortex subcontinuous or areolate and 

 scattered, smooth or the areoles more or less raised, destitute of squamules, the 

 apices straight, pointed or radiately or furcately spinose, colored like the primary 

 thallus with the apices rarely becoming brown; apothecia small, 0.5-0.8 mm. across 



